An Empirical Comparison of the Anova F-Test, Normal Scores Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test Under Violation of Assumptions

Feir-Walsh, Betty J.; Toothaker, Larry E.

doi:10.1177/001316447403400406

Cited by 106 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…If the data could not be transformed to normality, a GLMM was still used as recommended by Feir-Walsh and Toothaker, 1974 (Feir-Walsh and Toothaker, 1974). Post-hoc analyses utilized least squares means when the omnibus test was significant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin 1A agonism decreases affiliative behavior in pair-bonded titi monkeys

Larke

Maninger

Ragen

et al. 2016

Hormones and Behavior

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Relatively little is known about serotonergic involvement in pair-bonding despite its putative role in regulating social behavior. Here we sought to determine if pharmacological elevation of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor activity would lead to changes in social behavior in pair-bonded male titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus). Adult males in established heterosexual pairs were injected daily with the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT or saline for 15 days using a within-subjects design. Social behavior with the female pair-mate was quantified, and plasma concentrations of oxytocin, vasopressin, and cortisol were measured. When treated with saline, subjects showed reduced plasma oxytocin concentrations, while 8-OH-DPAT treatment buffered this decrease. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT also led to decreased plasma cortisol 15 minutes post-injection and decreased social behavior directed toward the pair-mate including approaching, initiating contact, lipsmacking, and grooming. The reduction in affiliative behavior seen with increased activity at 5-HT1A receptors indicates a substantial role of serotonin activity in the expression of social behavior. In addition, results indicate that the effects of 5-HT1A agonism on social behavior in adulthood differ between rodents and primates.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin 1A agonism decreases affiliative behavior in pair-bonded titi monkeys

Larke

Maninger

Ragen

et al. 2016

Hormones and Behavior

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show abstract

“…There were some instances where transformations did not completely normalize the data; however, the GLMM was still performed. This was done because although the ANOVA F-test is strongest for normally distributed data, when comparing means of non-normally distributed data, the ANOVA F-test is still recommended [Feir-Walsh and Toothaker 1974]. Post hoc comparisons were done using t-tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Titi Monkey (Callicebus cupreus) Social Bonds Affect Arousal, Affiliation, and Response to Reward

Ragen

Mendoza

Mason

et al. 2012

American J Primatol

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Titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) are a monogamous, New World primate. Adult pair-mates form a bidirectional social bond and offspring form a selective unidirectional bond to their father. Some of the neurobiology involved in social bonds and maternal behavior is similar to the neural circuitry involved in nonsocial reward. Due to these overlapping mechanisms, social states may affect responses to external rewarding stimuli. We sought to determine whether having a social attachment, and/or being in the presence of that attachment figure, can affect an individual’s response to a rewarding stimulus. In addition, we compared affiliative bonds between pair-mates to those between offspring and fathers. Eighteen adult male titi monkeys were either living alone (Lone), with a female pair-mate (Paired), or with the natal group (Natal) (N=6/condition). Each individual went through eight 30-min preference tests for a sweet substance, Tang. For Paired and Natal males, half of the test sessions were with their attachment figure and half were alone. Lone males were always tested alone. Preference scores for Tang, time spent drinking, affiliative, and arousal behaviors were measured. Paired and Natal males emitted significantly more isolation peeps and locomoted more when tested alone compared to when tested with their attachment figure, and paired males engaged in more affiliative behavior than Natal males. Lone males engaged in significantly more behaviors indicative of behavioral arousal such as locomotion and piloerection compared to Paired and Natal males. Finally, paired males drank significantly more Tang and had a significantly greater preference for Tang compared to Lone and Natal males. These results indicate that offspring undergo a behavioral separation response upon separation from their father which persists into adulthood, Lone males are more behaviorally reactive, and that living with an attachment figure and the type of attachment relationship result in different responses to a rewarding sweet stimulus.

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“…Bradstreet (1997) found the rank transform test (Conover & Iman, 1982) to result in severely inflated Type I error rates. For the case of k > 2, Feir-Walsh and Toothaker (1974) and Keselman, Rogan, and FeirWalsh (1977) found the Kruskal-Wallis test (Kruskal & Wallis, 1952) and expected normal scores test (McSweeney & Penfield, 1969) to be "substantially affected by inhomogeneity of variance" (p. 220).…”

Section: Robustness With Respect To Unequal N's and Population Normalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermat, Schubert, Einstein, and Behrens-Fisher: The Probable Difference Between Two Means When σ_1^2≠σ_2^2

Sawilowsky

2002

J. Mod. App. Stat. Meth.

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The history of the Behrens-Fisher problem and some approximate solutions are reviewed. In outlining relevant statistical hypotheses on the probable difference between two means, the importance of the BehrensFisher problem from a theoretical perspective is acknowledged, but it is concluded that this problem is irrelevant for applied research in psychology, education, and related disciplines. The focus is better placed on "shift in location" and, more importantly, "shift in location and change in scale" treatment alternatives.

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An Empirical Comparison of the Anova F-Test, Normal Scores Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test Under Violation of Assumptions

Cited by 106 publications

References 11 publications

Serotonin 1A agonism decreases affiliative behavior in pair-bonded titi monkeys

Serotonin 1A agonism decreases affiliative behavior in pair-bonded titi monkeys

Differences in Titi Monkey (Callicebus cupreus) Social Bonds Affect Arousal, Affiliation, and Response to Reward

Fermat, Schubert, Einstein, and Behrens-Fisher: The Probable Difference Between Two Means When σ_1^2≠σ_2^2

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