“…Borrowed from the organizational behavior literature (Gupta, 2018, 2019; Gupta et al , 2019; Gupta and Shaheen, 2018; Gupta and Shukla, 2018; Gupta et al , 2018), consumer engagement has been widely studied in several disciplines of marketing since the inception of twenty-first century to relate brand loyalty with engagement (Brodie et al , 2011; Hollebeek, 2013). According to Nguyen et al (2014), there are three approaches to engagement, including behavioral manifestation, psychological process and psychological state of mind.…”