“…• We use different slowing materials, like aluminum, copper, tantalum, and gold, and targets of different thicknesses, to cross check our modeling of slowing and the stopping powers [27,28]. In the 1960's, the paucity of data on stopping of ions in materials was the leading limitation of this technique, but vast progress has been made both in modeling and measurement, so in the velocity regime we use, the stopping powers are known at the few percent level.…”