An emerging novel virus: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)

Pan, Shuonan; Mou, Chunxiao; Chen, Zhenhai

doi:10.1002/rmv.2018

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(179 reference statements)

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“…Soon thereafter, the virus was linked to congenital tremor type AII in piglets by Arruda et al [5] and others [2,3,6]. Since then, the virus has been described in a variety of countries, indicating that APPV is distributed worldwide [4,28,29]. In Switzerland, the first report of APPV in a sample from swine was found in a nasal swab analyzed by NGS by C. Bachofen in another project unrelated to pestiviruses (see Section 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Circulation of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) within Switzerland

Kaufmann

Stalder

Sidler

et al. 2019

Viruses

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In 2015, a new pestivirus was described in pig sera in the United States. This new “atypical porcine pestivirus” (APPV) was later associated with congenital tremor (CT) in newborn piglets. The virus appears to be distributed worldwide, but the limited knowledge of virus diversity and the use of various diagnostic tests prevent direct comparisons. Therefore, we developed an APPV-specific real-time RT-PCR assay in the 5′UTR of the viral genome to investigate both retro- and prospectively the strains present in Switzerland and their prevalence in domestic pigs. Overall, 1080 sera obtained between 1986 and 2018 were analyzed, revealing a virus prevalence of approximately 13% in pigs for slaughter, whereas it was less than 1% in breeding pigs. In the prospective study, APPV was also detected in piglets displaying CT. None of the samples could detect the Linda virus, which is another new pestivirus recently reported in Austria. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a broad diversity of APP viruses in Switzerland that are considerably distinct from sequences reported from other isolates in Europe and overseas. This study indicates that APPV has already been widely circulating in Switzerland for many years, mainly in young animals, with 1986 being the earliest report of APPV worldwide.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Circulation of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) within Switzerland

Kaufmann

Stalder

Sidler

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…Recently, APPV has been classified as Pestivirus K by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) [ 2 ]. It is now regarded as the main causative agent for congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets [ 3 ]. APPV was first identified in the USA using metagenomic sequencing in 2015 and has been reported in countries including Germany, Netherland, China, Spain, Brazil, South Korea, Canada, and Hungary, where it threatens the health of the global swine herd [ 1 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is now regarded as the main causative agent for congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets [ 3 ]. APPV was first identified in the USA using metagenomic sequencing in 2015 and has been reported in countries including Germany, Netherland, China, Spain, Brazil, South Korea, Canada, and Hungary, where it threatens the health of the global swine herd [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. The virus has also been found in the serum samples of wild boars in Germany, implying that the wild boars may be an APPV reservoir worthy of epidemiological investigation [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic and codon usage analysis of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)

Pan

Mou

et al. 2020

Virulence

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Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) has been identified as the main causative agent for congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets, which is threatening the health of the global swine herd. However, the evolution of APPV remains largely unknown. In this study, phylogenetic analysis showed that APPV could be divided into three phylogroups (I, II, and III). Phylogroups I and II included viral strains from China, while phylogroup III contained strains from Europe, North America, and Asia. Phylogroups I and II are tentatively thought to be of Chinese origin. Next, compositional property analysis revealed that a high frequency of nucleotide A and A-end codons was used in the APPV genome. Intriguingly, the analysis of preferred codons revealed that the AGA[Arg] and AGG[Arg] were overrepresented. Dinucleotide CC was found to be overrepresented, and dinucleotide CG was underrepresented. Furthermore, it was found that the weak codon usage bias of APPV was mainly dominated by selection pressures versus mutational forces. The codon adaptation index (CAI), relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), and similarity index (SiD) analyses showed that the codon usage patterns of phylogroup II and III were more similar to the one of a pig than phylogroup I, suggesting that phylogroup II and III may be more adaptive to pigs. Overall, this study provides insights into APPV evolution through phylogeny and codon usage pattern analysis.

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“…Initially, the virus was not believed to be associated with any clinical manifestations; later, an experimental inoculation study conducted in the United States (US) demonstrated that APPV was associated with the occurrence of congenital tremor (CT) in newborn piglets [2]. At present, the occurrence of APPV associated with CT is frequently reported by several studies on different continents, including the Americas (North and South), Europe, and Asia [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

Agnol

Alfieri

2020

Viruses

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The atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) belongs to the species Pestivirus K of the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae, and it has been associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Although APPV was discovered in 2015, evidence shows that APPV has circulated in pig herds for many years, at least since 1986. Due to the frequently reported outbreaks of CT on different continents, the importance of this virus for global pig production is notable. Since 2015, several studies have been conducted to clarify the association between APPV and CT. However, some findings regarding APPV infection and the measures taken to control and prevent the spread of this virus need to be contextualized to understand the infection better. This review attempts to highlight advances in the understanding of APPV associated with type A-II CT, such as etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control and prevention measures, and also describes the pathophysiology of the infection and its consequences for pig production. Further research still needs to be conducted to elucidate the host’s immune response to APPV infection, the control and prevention of this infection, and the possible development of vaccines.

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An emerging novel virus: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)

Cited by 26 publications

References 46 publications

Long-Term Circulation of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) within Switzerland

Long-Term Circulation of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) within Switzerland

Phylogenetic and codon usage analysis of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)

Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

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