An electrochemical method for functionalization of a 316L stainless steel surface being used as a stent in coronary surgery: irreversible immobilization of fibronectin for the enhancement of endothelial cell attachment

Abstract

An electrochemistry-based method for the formation of functionalized alkanethiol layers on a 316L stainless steel surface was developed. The method was efficient in forming a very stable, irreversibly-attached COOH-terminated (mercaptoundecanoic acid) surface layer. This layer was used as a 'linker' to immobilize the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin to the 316L stainless steel surface. Fibronectin was irreversibly attached to the surface and, unlike physisorbed fibronectin, resisted detachment more in aggressive 0.1 M NaOH under sonication. The fibronectin-modified 316L stainless steel surface was more biocompatible towards attachment of endothelial cells than a bare (unmodified) 316L stainless steel surface, yielding a 25% improvement in cell density.

Surface modification of stainless steel for biomedical applications: Revisiting a century-old material

“…They could obtain hydrophilic, mostly smooth and uniform surface. Carboxyl group bearing surface was developed by electrochemical deposition of mercaptoundecanoic acid by polarization of SS coupons as working electrodes; after activation with n-hydroxysuccinimide and mM1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide (EDC), fibronectin was covalently linked [87]. In this case, stable film was formed as shown by polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy after 6 h of sonication (in 0.1 M NaOH, 0.16 M NaCl and in denaturing ethanol successively).…”

Metal release from stainless steel in biological environments: A review

“…83 Attempts have been undertaken to modify the stainless steel surface by using irreversibly adsorbed proteins to enhance the attachment of endothelial cells, as this is anticipated to be beneficial for the clinical outcome of stainless steel cardiovascular stents. 84 Surface modification made to control protein adsorption at in vivo conditions is though not straightforward due to a very complex chemical environment. 82…”

Effect of linking arm hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature, length and end-group on the conformation and the RGD accessibility of surface-immobilized fibronectin

“…Indeed, the main goal of coating biomaterials with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is to improve their bio-compatibility and blood compatibility by promoting such key cellular behaviors as cell attachment, spreading, migration, differentiation, and proliferation [5][6][7]. Fibronectin (FN) is among the most studied pro-teins of the ECM because of its favorable interactions with cells and its contribution to several important physiological processes, including organogenesis, hemostasis, angiogenesis, phagocytosis, and vascular modeling [8][9][10][11][12]. This highly flexible glycoprotein of 550 kDa displays the essential arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) cell adhesion sequence as well as other crucial amino acid sequences which provide secondary cell interactions to enhance the adhesive function, such as the PHSRN and REDV sequences [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”