“…onducting polymers, a class of polymers with intrinsic electrical conductivity, have been one of the most promising materials in applications as diverse as energy storage 1 , flexible electronics 2 , and bioelectronics 3 , owing to their unique polymeric nature as well as favorable electrical and mechanical properties, stability, and biocompatibility. Despite recent advances in conducting polymers and their applications, the fabrication of conducting polymer structures and devices have mostly relied on conventional manufacturing techniques such as ink-jet printing [4][5][6] , screen printing 7 , aerosol printing [8][9][10] , electrochemical patterning [11][12][13] , and lithography [14][15][16] with limitations and challenges. For example, these existing manufacturing techniques for conducting polymers are limited to low-resolution (e.g., over 100 µm), two-dimensional (e.g., low aspect ratio) patterns, and/or complex and high cost procedures (e.g., multi-step processes in clean room involving alignments, masks, etchings, post-assemblies) 4,5,7,[14][15][16] (Supplementary Table 1), which have hampered rapid innovations and broad applications of conducting polymers.…”