An electrochemical evidence of free radicals formation from flutamide and its reactivity with endo/xenobiotics of pharmacological relevance

Some Applications of Electrochemistry in Biomedical Chemistry. Emphasis on the Correlation of Electrochemical and Bioactive Properties

“…In the case of nifedipine (8), 17 nitrendipine (9) 18 and flutamide (10), 16 results provide experimental proof of the significant reactivity of the nitro radical anions toward adenine and uracil and the ability of GSH (7) to behave as a scavenger of the generated nitroradical anion (Eq. 4).…”

“…4 To look for long time cytoxicity of drugs, mainly nitroaromatic derivatives, electrochemical methodology has been considered a useful quantitative tool to study the in situ reactivities of electrogenerated intermediates toward endobiotics. 16 The studies deal mainly with glutathione (7), other thiol derivatives and the nucleic acid-containing bases.…”

“…The method was based on the decrease in the return-to-forward peak current ratio of the reversible system after the addition of endobiotics. 16 Adenine and guanine are susceptible to interaction with reduced nitroimidazoles.…”

“…34 Using mixed solvents, there is a possibility for studying the behaviour of the several classes of compounds in a situation which will be of more biological relevance than a purely aprotic medium. 36,[16][17][18] Also to mimic biological conditions, parallel experiments are held in the presence of different surfactants. 37 On the other hand, non-aqueous aprotic solvents should be better models of membrane environment in which peroxidation processes take place, because both superoxide anion radical and its conjugated acid, the hydroperoxyl radical, are virtually unstable in water and other protic solvents, owing to fast disproportionation.…”

“…In those cases, thermochemical cycles are often used to estimate the standard reduction potential. 43 As an example, the reduction of the known antimalarial agent artemisinin (16) has been studied in N,N-dimethylformamide by cyclic voltammetry and other electrochemical techniques and has been determined for the first time to be -0.89 V vs. SCE. The thermochemical values determined are important to understand the biological activity of artemisinin (16) and to investigate its potential for undergoing electrontransfer-initiated processes with biological donors.…”