An Ehrlichia strain from a llama (Lama glama) and Llama-associated ticks (Ixodes pacificus)

Barlough, Jeffrey E.; Madigan, John E.; Turoff, D R; Clover, James R.; Shelly, Sonjia M.; Dumler, J. S.

doi:10.1128/jcm.35.4.1005-1007.1997

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Immature I. pacificus ticks often prefer lizards as hosts but are occasionally found on small rodents (8). This tick is the most common of the four species in this area that may bite humans (20), and Ehrlichiainfected I. pacificus ticks have been identified by PCR assays (2)(3)(4). This species has also been shown to be an efficient vector for E. equi in transmission studies with horses (21,22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dusky-Footed Wood Rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as Reservoirs of Granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales:Ehrlichieae) in Northern California

et al. 1999

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Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) andPeromyscus sp. mice (P. maniculatus andP. truei) were collected from one site in Placer County, one site in Santa Cruz County, and two sites in Sonoma County in northern California. Serum or plasma samples from 260 rodents were tested for antibodies to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Of these, samples from 25 wood rats (34% of those tested) and 10 (8%)Peromyscus sp. mice were found to be seropositive, but only those from one site. PCR assays targeting the groESL heat shock operon were conducted on all seropositive specimens and a subset of seronegative blood specimens. Ehrlichial DNA was identified in 17 (68%) of the 25 seropositive wood rat blood samples and in 1 of the 10 (10%) Peromyscus sp. specimens. None of 40 seronegative blood samples was PCR positive. Both seropositive and PCR-positive animals were collected during each trapping period. One male tick out of 84 Ixodes pacificus adults collected was PCR positive; samples of Dermacentor occidentalis nymphs and adults were negative. Nucleotide sequences of amplicons from three wood rat blood specimens and from the single PCR-positive tick differed by one and two bases, respectively, from a sequence previously obtained fromEhrlichia equi. At one site in Sonoma County, wood rats had a concurrent high prevalence of seropositivity and PCR positivity, while other sigmodontine rodents collected at the site were only occasionally infected. We suggest that dusky-footed wood rats serve as reservoirs of granulocytic ehrlichial agents in certain areas of northern California. The tick species involved in the transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiae among wood rats remains unknown.

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confidence: 99%

Dusky-Footed Wood Rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as Reservoirs of Granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales:Ehrlichieae) in Northern California

et al. 1999

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“…A. phagocytophilum is known to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans (Petrovec et al 1997) and domestic animals such as horses (Bjoersdorff 1990, dogs (Bellstrom 1989, cats (Bjoersdorff et al 1999), cattle , and llamas (Barlough et al 1997b). A. phagocytophilum has been found to persist in sheep (Stuen et al 1998).…”

Section: Domestic Animals As Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tree shows that the ehrlichial agents in the wild and domesticated animals from the Czech Republic belong to the A. phagocytophilum group. Four A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA genogroup variants were sequenced: variant Baden, variant Frankonia I, variant Franconia II, and variant Llama ehrlichia from Lama glama (22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumandBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato in Dogs in the Czech Republic

Kybicová

Schánilec

Hulínská

et al. 2009

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The aim of this study is to present molecular, serologic, and clinical findings for dogs that were naturally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) in the Czech Republic. This data can provide information relevant to human infection. In total, blood samples from 296 dogs and 118 engorged ticks were examined. Samples were tested for A. phagocytophilum using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, nested PCR, and direct sequencing of the 16S rDNA, and for B. burgdorferi s. l. using PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer. In addition, blood samples were screened for antibodies to these bacteria. Ten (3.4%) dogs were PCR-positive for A. phagocytophilum. Morulae of A. phagocytophilum in granulocytes were found in two of these dogs. Nine of the PCR-positive dogs had clinical signs related to anaplasmosis. Statistically significant differences in the PCR detection rates were found between breeds and between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. Infection with Borrelia garinii was detected by PCR in a dog with meningoencephalitis. DNA of A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s. l. (B. garinii or Borrelia afzelii) was detected in 8.5% and 6.8% of ticks, respectively. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G seropositivity to A. phagocytophilum was 26%. Significant differences were found with respect to breed and gender. IgM and IgG antibodies to B. burgdorferi s. l. were detected in 2.4% and 10.3% of dogs, respectively. Our findings suggest that the exposure to B. burgdorferi s. l. exists in dogs in the Czech Republic, and exposure to A. phagocytophilum is common.

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“…A. phagocytophilum infection has been reported, albeit less commonly, in camelids and domestic cats. [34][35][36][37] The renaming of E. equi, E. phagocytophilum, and the HGE agent as A. phagocytophilum based on sequence results of the 16S rRNA genes has been controversial because these organisms differ from previously named Anaplasma species, such as Anaplasma marginale, in their host cell tropism. 38 In addition, the former Ehrlichia species differed in their virulence and in their ability to cause disease in different host species, with cross-transmission experiments showing failure of European E. phagocytophila to cause disease in horses, and failure of the HGE agent isolated from humans in the United States to cause disease in cattle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Review

Carrade

Foley

Borjesson

et al. 2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

171

183

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, horses, and dogs worldwide that is transmitted by Ixodid ticks and maintained in a variety of small wild mammal species. Recent studies suggest that multiple strains of A. phagocytophilum may be circulating in wild and domestic animal populations, and these strains may have differential host tropisms and pathogenicity. The organism infects and survives within neutrophils by disabling key neutrophil functions, including neutrophil motility, phagocytosis, the oxidative burst mechanism, and neutrophil‐endothelial cell interactions, as well as interfering with neutrophil apoptosis. Coinfections with other tick‐borne pathogens may occur, especially Borrelia burgdorferi. A. phagocytophilum causes an acute febrile illness in dogs with lethargy and inappetence. Less frequent signs include lameness, coughing, polydipsia, intermittent vomiting, and hemorrhages. Diagnosis is based on finding morulae within granulocytes in the peripheral blood, the combination of acute and convalescent serology using immunofluorescent antibody techniques, and detection of the DNA of A. phagocytophilum using specific polymerase chain reaction assays. Whether persistent infection or reinfection with A. phagocytophilum occurs after natural infection requires additional study, with most reports suggesting that anaplasmosis is a self‐limiting disease in dogs that responds well to a 2‐week course of doxycycline therapy.

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An Ehrlichia strain from a llama (Lama glama) and Llama-associated ticks (Ixodes pacificus)

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Dusky-Footed Wood Rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as Reservoirs of Granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales:Ehrlichieae) in Northern California

Dusky-Footed Wood Rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as Reservoirs of Granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales:Ehrlichieae) in Northern California

Detection ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumandBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato in Dogs in the Czech Republic

Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Review

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