“…Finally, the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are corrected by considering the interaction between the particle and the fluid as follows: where u * ( x , t ), T * ( x , t ), and C * ( x , t ) are the intermediate velocity, temperature, and concentration, respectively . The particle velocity ( u p ( x , t )) can be calculated by where N p and R i are the number of particles and the center position of the i th particle, respectively.…”