An efficient polymer moist-electric generator

Xu, Tong; Ding, Xiaoteng; Huang, Yaxin; Shao, Changxiang; Song, Lihui; Gao, Xin; Zhang, Zhipan; Qu, Liangti

doi:10.1039/c9ee00252a

Cited by 242 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…[178,179] The gradient-induced diffusion and migration of these protons is the origin of electrical generation of most polymer materials when exposed to moisture. [82] Although some polymers show poor proton conductivity, they can be significantly improved through acid-functionalization by introducing groups like C-H. [180,181] Figure 13. Polymer materials for moisture-enabled electricity generation.…”

Section: Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, a piece of 1 cm 2 PSSA membrane can give an open circuitvoltage as high as 0.8 V and a short-circuit current density as high as 0.1 mA cm −2 , which is sufficient to power up many electronic devices. [82] Interestingly, some polymers with other unique features such as a self-healing capability can also be used to generate electricity. For example, flexible and transparent generator with PSS-PVA as active layers and silver nanowire networks as a transparent electrode shows an excellent self-healing response with 100% efficiency.…”

Section: Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of protons as an important component in charge diffusion mechanism has been confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and pH indicator tests in the dry side of a polyelectrolyte membrane of poly(4‐styrensulfonicacid) (PSSA) enriched with functional groups. [ 82 ] When the other side of membrane is exposed to water, an increased proton concentration is detected on the dry side by both KPFM and the pH indicator, implying that protons migrate across the membrane from the wet side to the dry side.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Electricity Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 82 ] Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. d) Flexible and wearable PDA with a membrane containing a high density of functional groups for electrical generation.…”

Section: Selection Of Materials For Harvesting Energy From Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many proton conductive polymers like polydopamine (PDA), [ 183 ] polypyrrole (PPy), [ 184 ] PSSA, Nafion, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid), hydroxyethyl cellulose, and natural polysaccharides including guar gum and alginate sodium have demonstrated capability to generate electricity under exposure to moisture (Figure 13c,d). [ 82 ] These polymers contain a variety of sulfonated or oxygenated functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxylic groups, and sulfonic acid group), which release free protons when in contact with water molecules. Even though these polymers are bulk materials, they are conductive for protons so that the protons can move across the membrane by a diffusion or vehicle mechanism.…”

Section: Selection Of Materials For Harvesting Energy From Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Moisture‐Enabled Electricity Generation: From Physics and Materials to Self‐Powered Applications

et al. 2020

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Ongoing efforts to develop this energy have led to the creation of a variety of novel technologies based on photovoltaic, [12,13] piezoelectric, [14,15] triboelectric, [16,17] and thermoelectric principles. [18,19] Devices based on these technologies are readily incorporated into self-powered, battery-free electronic systems. This also acts to eliminate the harm to the environment caused by the use of conventional batteries. [20,21] As recyclable resource, water is not only indispensable to life but also constitutes the largest energy carrier on Earth (Figure 1a). As 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water and 35% of solar energy incident on the Earth is absorbed by water, petawatts of energy are received in this way. [22] As the water resource is clean and sustainable, the energy contained in even a small fraction of the water on Earth can meet the current global energy demand if this energy can be efficiently harvested. Terrestrial water exists in vapor and liquid form including moisture, rain, clouds, lakes, rivers, and oceans. It also forms the basis for biological systems. Even though there is a long history of electricity generation from running water, most technologies only utilize the gravitational and kinetic energy in liquid water. [23] Such systems are inherently incompatible with the development of self-powered devices. The development of nanomaterials has enabled technology for the extraction of electrical energy from moisture, leading to The exploration of the utilization of sustainable, green energy represents one way in which it is possible to ameliorate the growing threat of the global environmental issues and the crisis in energy. Moisture, which is ubiquitous on Earth, contains a vast reservoir of low-grade energy in the form of gaseous water molecules and water droplets. It has now been found that a number of functionalized materials can generate electricity directly from their interaction with moisture. This suggests that electrical energy can be harvested from atmospheric moisture and enables the creation of a new range of self-powered devices. Herein, the basic mechanisms of moisture-induced electricity generation are discussed, the recent advances in materials (including carbon nanoparticles, graphene materials, metal oxide nanomaterials, biofibers, and polymers) for harvesting electrical energy from moisture are summarized, and some strategies for improving energy conversion efficiency and output power in these devices are provided. The potential applications of moisture electrical generators in self-powered electronics, healthcare, security, information storage, artificial intelligence, and Internet-of-things are also discussed. Some remaining challenges are also considered, together with a number of suggestions for potential new developments of this emerging technology.

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Section: Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Electricity Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Of Materials For Harvesting Energy From Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Of Materials For Harvesting Energy From Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Moisture‐Enabled Electricity Generation: From Physics and Materials to Self‐Powered Applications

et al. 2020

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Dramatic and Reversible Water‐Induced Stiffening Driven by Phase Separation within Polymer Gels

Ming

Yao

Zhu

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Responsive polymer materials possessing variable mechanical properties have shown promising practical applications, whereas water has clear advantages among the triggers owing to its wide abundance, green characteristics, as well as mild conditions involved. However, ubiquitous water‐induced softening would prevent polymer materials from applications with high humidity or aqueous environment. Herein, an unprecedented polymer gel material is reported that exhibits a dramatic and reversible water‐induced stiffening base on phase separation, differing from traditional ones that are usually weakened upon hydration due to the plasticizing effect. The material shows a large stiffness change in Young's modulus (as much as 104 times), which is much larger than that induced by glass transition and comparable to that caused by crystallization‐melting process. The polymer materials are fabricated in a facile way by introducing an ionic liquid and a lithium salt into a poly(benzyl methacrylate) network. Moreover, the volume remains almost unchanged during the reversible soft–stiff transition. A universal approach of water‐induced stiffening is proposed and verified on various systems. As for demonstration, this material is used for humidity‐induced shape memory. This work offers an effective method for developing water‐induced stiffened material and will pave the way toward potential applications for water‐responsive polymer materials.

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Advancing Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting from Wood through Cell Wall Nanoengineering

Garemark

Ram

Liu

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Converting omnipresent environmental energy through the assistance of spontaneous water evaporation is an emerging technology for sustainable energy systems. Developing bio-based hydrovoltaic materials further pushes the sustainability, where wood is a prospect due to its native hydrophilic and anisotropic structure. However, current wood-based water evaporation-assisted power generators are facing the challenge of low power density. Here, an efficient hydrovoltaic wood power generator is reported based on wood cell wall nanoengineering. A highly porous wood with cellulosic network filling the lumen is fabricated through a green, onestep treatment using sodium hydroxide to maximize the wood surface area, introduce chemical functionality, and enhance the cell wall permeability of water. An open-circuit potential of ≈140 mV in deionized water is realized, over ten times higher than native wood. Further tuning the pH difference between wood and water, due to an ion concentration gradient, a potential up to 1 V and a remarkable power output of 1.35 µW cm −2 is achieved. The findings in this study provide a new strategy for efficient wood power generators.

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An efficient polymer moist-electric generator

Abstract: An efficient polymer moist-electric generator is developed on the basis of conventional polyelectrolyte membrane to output considerable electric power under moisture.

Cited by 242 publications

References 46 publications

Moisture‐Enabled Electricity Generation: From Physics and Materials to Self‐Powered Applications

Moisture‐Enabled Electricity Generation: From Physics and Materials to Self‐Powered Applications

Dramatic and Reversible Water‐Induced Stiffening Driven by Phase Separation within Polymer Gels

Advancing Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting from Wood through Cell Wall Nanoengineering

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