“…Early examples of such work include the development of parallel solvers for large scale linear and nonlinear systems in chemical process simulations (Paloschi, 1997(Paloschi, , 1998Scott, 2001Scott, , 2001a, dynamic simulations of chemical processes (AbdelJabbar et al, 1999;Leineweber et al, 2003), and an assessment of parallel computing paradigms (Brochard, 1998). Examples of papers on applied optimization include: the solution of process engineering problems that lead to non-convex mixed integer nonlinear optimization problems Pantelides, 1997, 1999;Schilling and Pantelides, 1999); the use of a parallel implementation of the discrete element method (Bertrand et al, 2004), applying the message passing interface (MPI) to shorten the computer time needed to simulate the packing of spherical particles as a model of the consolidation of paper coating structures; the development of a framework (Siirola et al, 2003) to integrate several optimization algorithms into a cooperative method that outperforms its individual components in terms of locating the global minimum of complicated functions.…”