An efficient isolation and purification of broad partition coefficient range ginsenosides from roots of Panax quinquefolium L. by linear gradient counter‐current chromatography coupled with preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

As a famous health food, roots of Panax quinquefolium L. possessed immune regulation and enhancement of the central nervous system, in which ginsenosides are the main active component with different numbers and positions of sugars, causing different chemical polarities with a challenge for the separation and isolation. In this study, a fast and effective bilinear gradient counter-current chromatography was proposed for preparative isolation ginsenosides with a broad partition coefficient range from roots of Panax quinquefolium L. In terms of the established method, the mobile phases comprising n-butanol and ethyl acetate were achieved by adjusting the proportion. Coupled with the preparative HPLC, eleven main ginsenosides were successfully separated, including ginsenoside Rg 1(1), Re (2), acetyl ginsenoside Rg 1 (3), Rb 1 (4), Rc (5), Rg 2 (6), Rb 3 (7), quinquefolium R 1 (8), Rd (9), gypenoside X VII (10) and notoginsenoside Fd (11), with purities exceeding 95% according to the HPLC results. Tandem mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were adopted for recognizing the isolated compound architectures. Our study suggests that linear gradient counter-current chromatography effectively separates the broad partition coefficient range of ginsenosides compounds from the roots of Panax quinquefolium

β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

“…Bacteria, fungi, and yeast have been identified in the bioconversion of ginsenosides ( Table 1 ) [ 8 , 20 , 66 , 67 , 76 , 77 ]. The isolation and purification of β-glucosidase are time-consuming and expensive processes.…”

“…For purification, many specific methods are used to increase the recovery and purity of single ginsenosides. For example, linear gradient counter-current chromatography effectively separates ginsenoside compounds extracted from the roots of Panax quinquefolium with a broad range of partition coefficients, including 11 main ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rg and Re; acetyl ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Rg2, and Rb3; quinquefoliums R1 and Rd; gypenoside XVII; notoginsenoside Fd) [ 20 ]. In this same species of ginseng, the use of high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) combined with evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for the separation and purification of three compounds (Rc, Rb1, and Re) [ 21 ].…”

Isolation and Identification of Bitter Compounds in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) Based on Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Electronic Tongue

“…According to their cultivation methods, ginseng can be divided into three categories: wild ginseng (growth in a forest of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved trees, shrubs and weeds); garden ginseng (artificial planting and growth in an artificial pool bed); understory ginseng (artificial sowing and growth of primitive ginseng in deep mountains and dense forests) [2]. Among these, garden ginseng has the highest yield, accounting for 90% of China's total yield, and is widely used for processing health products and food [3].…”

Nuclear magnetic resonance‐based solvent system selection for counter‐current chromatography separation of compounds present in the same high‐performance liquid chromatography peak: Flavonoids in barley seedlings as an example

“…It benefits from a high degree of versatility, entire sample recovery, and huge load capacity, easy scale‐up potential, low requirements for samples. The various operation strategies now available, for example, normal phase [3], reverse phase [4], pH zone refining [5], dual‐mode [6], gradient mode [7], and recycling mode [8] make it popular for isolating and separating active ingredients from natural products. Selecting a suitable solvent solution that may deliver the optimal partition coefficient ( K ) is essential for a successful CCC separation for the target chemicals, as well as the separation factor ( α ) [2].…”