“…Swarm search algorithms are widely used in robotics, such as inverse solution computation ( Zhao et al, 2022 ), control ( Liu G et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2022 ), pose recognition ( Li et al, 2019a ; Tao et al, 2022a ) and other nonlinear problems ( Huang et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2020d ; Hao et al, 2022 ). Recently published optimisers ( Ghafori and Gharehchopogh, 2012 ; Abedi and Gharehchopogh, 2020 ; Abdollahzadeh et al, 2021a ; Gharehchopogh et al, 2021a ; Abdollahzadeh et al, 2021b ; Benyamin et al, 2021 ; Gharehchopogh et al, 2021b ; Gharehchopogh and Abdollahzadeh, 2021 ; Goldanloo and Gharechophugh, 2021 ; Mohammadzadeh and Gharehchopogh, 2021 ; Zaman and Gharehchopogh, 2021 ; Gharehchopogh, 2022 ) have achieved good performance but may not suit industrial scenarios with high real-time requirements. The particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is used to search for the global time-optimal trajectory of a spatial robot in conjunction with robot dynamics ( Huang and Xu, 2006 ).…”