An efficient detector production method for position-sensitive scintillation detector arrays with 98% detector packing fraction

Uribe, J.; Wong, Wai-Hoi; Baghaei, H.; Farrell, R.; Li, Hongdi; Aykac, M.; Bilgen, D.; Liu, Yaqiang; Wang, Yu; Xing, Tao

doi:10.1109/tns.2003.817959

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The PET component of the MuPET/CT system uses small ceriumdoped lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals (Crystal Photonics, Inc.) and is based on the low-cost photomultiplierquadrant-sharing (PQS) method that we have developed and refined over several years (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). MuPET comprises 180 blocks of 13 · 13 LYSO crystals and 210 photomultipliers.…”

Section: Pet Camera Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering and Performance (NEMA and Animal) of a Lower-Cost Higher-Resolution Animal PET/CT Scanner Using Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing Detectors

Wong

Baghaei

et al. 2012

J Nucl Med

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The dedicated murine PET (MuPET) scanner is a high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and low-cost preclinical PET camera designed and manufactured at our laboratory. In this article, we report its performance according to the NU 4-2008 standards of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). We also report the results of additional phantom and mouse studies. Methods: The MuPET scanner, which is integrated with a CT camera, is based on the photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing concept and comprises 180 blocks of 13 · 13 lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystals (1.24 · 1.4 · 9.5 mm 3 ) and 210 low-cost 19-mm photomultipliers. The camera has 78 detector rings, with an 11.6-cm axial field of view and a ring diameter of 16.6 cm. We measured the energy resolution, scatter fraction, sensitivity, spatial resolution, and counting rate performance of the scanner. In addition, we scanned the NEMA image-quality phantom, Micro Deluxe and Ultra-Micro Hot Spot phantoms, and 2 healthy mice. Results: The system average energy resolution was 14% at 511 keV. The average spatial resolution at the center of the field of view was about 1.2 mm, improving to 0.8 mm and remaining below 1.2 mm in the central 6-cm field of view when a resolution-recovery method was used. The absolute sensitivity of the camera was 6.38% for an energy window of 350-650 keV and a coincidence timing window of 3.4 ns. The system scatter fraction was 11.9% for the NEMA mouselike phantom and 28% for the ratlike phantom. The maximum noise-equivalent counting rate was 1,100 at 57 MBq for the mouselike phantom and 352 kcps at 65 MBq for the ratlike phantom. The 1-mm fillable rod was clearly observable using the NEMA image-quality phantom. The images of the Ultra-Micro Hot Spot phantom also showed the 1-mm hot rods. In the mouse studies, both the left and right ventricle walls were clearly observable, as were the Harderian glands. Conclusion: The MuPET camera has excellent resolution, sensitivity, counting rate, and imaging performance. The data show it is a powerful scanner for preclinical animal study and pharmaceutical development. Smal l-animal PET has been widely used in a broad range of applications in the field of biology and pharmaceutical development (1). Because of the small physical dimensions of rodents, achieving spatial resolution and detection sensitivity adequate to study small structures and the low concentration of receptors is challenging. In addition, to make the in vivo molecular imaging capability of PET accessible to more biology and genetics laboratories, thus facilitating the integration of biologic research and clinical medicine, lower camera-production costs are also needed.A preclinical dedicated murine PET (MuPET) camera has been designed and constructed at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (2). It has been integrated with a CT camera into a compact gantry. The MuPET camera combines the advantages of a lower production cost with high resolution and high sensitivity. In this work, we report on the scanner's perfor...

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Section: Pet Camera Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the production of the detector blocks, we have invented a high-precision and low-labor detector-block production method we named the slab-sandwich-slice (SSS) method (6,9). Figure 1A shows a drawing of the SSS technique for the production of blocks.…”

Section: Pet Camera Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering and Performance (NEMA and Animal) of a Lower-Cost Higher-Resolution Animal PET/CT Scanner Using Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing Detectors

Wong

Baghaei

et al. 2012

J Nucl Med

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“…With the PQS-L(Y)SO detector blocks developed in this study, we may be able to realize a lower cost PET systems that has higher resolution than existing cameras without requiring costly position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) or Avalanche photodiodes (APDs), [14]- [21]. The comparison of detector specifications between commercial PET systems and the PQS-LYSO system development are shown in Table II. The cost savings may be used so as to extend the axial field of view (AFOV) sufficiently, that the whole mouse/rat body can be imaged in one fixed bed position.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve the high mechanical precision required in animal PET systems with 1-2 mm detector sizes, the crystals are not cut to size but lapped to the exact size anyway; therefore the lapping process used in this work is already an integral process in the manufacturing of other animal systems, although the grit sizes of the palling particles are different. Using the slab-sandwich-slice production method [21], that we developed, only large slabs of crystals, 10-20 detectors in width, and not individual pixels are handled or processed in making the detector array, which lowers the manufacturing cost. (2) The increase in dead time and reduction in the dynamic range of PET scanner due to the sharing of PMT channels in PQS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution L(Y)SO Detectors Using PMT-Quadrant-Sharing for Human and Animal PET Cameras

Ramirez

Kim

Zhang

et al. 2008

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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We developed high resolution L(Y)SO detectors for human and animal PET applications using Photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing (PQS) technology. The crystal sizes were 1.27 × 1.27 × 10 mm 3 for the animal PQS-blocks and 3.25 × 3.25 × 20 mm 3 for human ones. Polymer mirror film patterns (PMR) were placed between crystals as reflector. The blocks were assembled together using optical grease and wrapped by Teflon tape. The blocks were coupled to regular round PMT's of 19/51 mm in PQS configuration. List-mode data of Ga-68 source (511 KeV) were acquired with our high yield pileup-event recovery (HYPER) electronics and data acquisition software. The high voltage bias was 1100V. Crystal decoding maps and individual crystal energy resolutions were extracted from the data. To investigate the potential imaging resolution of the PET cameras with these blocks, we used GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) simulation package. GATE is a GEANT4 based software toolkit for realistic simulation of PET and SPECT systems. The packing fractions of these blocks were found to be 95.6% and 98.2%. From the decoding maps, all 196 and 225 crystals were clearly identified. The average energy resolutions were 14.0% and 15.6%. For small animal PET systems, the detector ring diameter was 16.5 cm with an axial field of view (AFOV) of 11.8 cm. The simulation data suggests that a reconstructed radial (tangential) spatial resolution of 1.24 (1.25) mm near the center is potentially achievable. For the wholebody human PET systems, the detector ring diameter was 86 cm. The simulation data suggests that a reconstructed radial (tangential) spatial resolution of 3.09(3.38) mm near the center is potentially achievable. From this study we can conclude that PQS design could achieve high spatial resolutions and excellent energy resolutions on human and animal PET systems with substantially lower production costs and inexpensive readout devices.

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“…In order to achieve a high-resolution capability that is needed for small tumor detection in breast cancer, most of those PET/PEM systems are using expensive PositionSensitive PMTs or APD devices, which make their systems either expensive, and/or have very limited detector areas that affect the sensitivity [1]- [4]. Using our low-cost PMT-quadrantsharing (PQS) techniques [5], [6] and the Slab-Sandwich-Slice method [7], we can build largearea detector banks with regular round shape PMTs at considerably lower cost, and achieve very high resolutions at the same time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The system design, engineering architecture and preliminary results of a lower-cost high-sensitivity high-resolution Positron Emission Mammography camera

Zhang

Ramirez

et al. 2008

2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

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A lower-cost high-sensitivity high-resolution positron emission mammography (PEM) camera is developed. It consists of two detector modules with the planar detector bank of 20 × 12 cm 2 . Each bank has 60 low-cost PMT-Quadrant-Sharing (PQS) LYSO blocks arranged in a 10 × 6 array with two types of geometries. One is the symmetric 19.36 × 19.36 mm 2 block made of 1.5 × 1.5 × 10 mm 3 crystals in a 12 × 12 array. The other is the 19.36 × 26.05 mm 2 asymmetric block made of 1.5 × 1.9 × 10 mm 3 crystals in 12 × 13 array. One row (10) of the elongated blocks are used along one side of the bank to reclaim the half empty PMT photocathode in the regular PQS design to reduce the dead area at the edge of the module. The bank has a high overall crystal packing fraction of 88%, which results in a very high sensitivity. Mechanical design and electronics have been developed for low-cost, compactness, and stability purposes. Each module has four Anger-HYPER decoding electronics that can handle a count-rate of 3 Mcps for single events. A simple two-module coincidence board with a hardware delay window for random coincidences has been developed with an adjustable window of 6 to 15 ns. Some of the performance parameters have been studied by preliminary tests and Monte Carlo simulations, including the crystal decoding map and the 17% energy resolution of the detectors, the point source sensitivity of 11.5% with 50 mm bank-to-bank distance, the 1.2 mmspatial resolutions, 42 kcps peak Noise Equivalent Count Rate at 7.0-mCi total activity in human body, and the resolution phantom images. Those results show that the design goal of building a lowercost, high-sensitivity, high-resolution PEM detector is achieved.

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An efficient detector production method for position-sensitive scintillation detector arrays with 98% detector packing fraction

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Engineering and Performance (NEMA and Animal) of a Lower-Cost Higher-Resolution Animal PET/CT Scanner Using Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing Detectors

Engineering and Performance (NEMA and Animal) of a Lower-Cost Higher-Resolution Animal PET/CT Scanner Using Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing Detectors

High-Resolution L(Y)SO Detectors Using PMT-Quadrant-Sharing for Human and Animal PET Cameras

The system design, engineering architecture and preliminary results of a lower-cost high-sensitivity high-resolution Positron Emission Mammography camera

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