An effective white spot syndrome virus challenge test for cultured shrimp using different biomass of the infected papilla

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Towards a ‘systems’ approach for viral challenge experiments in shrimp: Reporting guidelines for publication

“…57,81,115 However, injection of virus directly into the target organ artificially avoids natural defence barriers to produce rapid infection of susceptible cells and is misrepresentative of natural infection pathways probable to occur during production. 17,177 Although less consistent and amenable to standardisation, oral inoculation, and immersion are more demonstrative of natural infection routes, including horizontal transmission of virus through cannibalism of infected conspecifics and viral shedding into the water. 116 While the inoculation method used is dependent on each specific study aims and will not be standard across all PCE studies, reporting of inoculation method in publication should nonetheless be clear and detailed to enable critical evaluation.…”

“…Intramuscular and intrabladder injection yield high consistency of viral delivery and infection, compared to oral inoculation and immersion 57,81,115 . However, injection of virus directly into the target organ artificially avoids natural defence barriers to produce rapid infection of susceptible cells and is misrepresentative of natural infection pathways probable to occur during production 17,177 . Although less consistent and amenable to standardisation, oral inoculation, and immersion are more demonstrative of natural infection routes, including horizontal transmission of virus through cannibalism of infected conspecifics and viral shedding into the water 116 .…”

“…Generally, disease investigations and pathogen challenge experiments (PCEs) are the primary means for developing knowledge regarding disease and its associated or causal drivers. In some cases, such as infection with WSSV, a correlation‐causal conclusion generated via in situ disease investigations or field studies is robust because the presence of WSSV in high copy number is consistently associated with rapid onset of mass mortality 17 . Studying the outcomes of viral disease in situ is relevant to understanding the impact of disease under the complex influence and interactions of factors within the whole system 18 .…”

“…In some cases, such as infection with WSSV, a correlation-causal conclusion generated via in situ disease investigations or field studies is robust because the presence of WSSV in high copy number is consistently associated with rapid onset of mass mortality. 17 Studying the outcomes of viral disease in situ is relevant to understanding the impact of disease under the complex influence and interactions of factors within the whole system. 18 However, for many other viral pathogens, high copy number detection is not always associated with poor productivity or mortality.…”

The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp

“…Three main routes of WSSV transmission have been reported: (1) a vertical transovarial transmission from brooders to progeny [ 4 , 10 , 12 ], (2) horizontal transmission through ingestion of WSSV-infected carcasses [ 13 , 14 ], and (3) horizontal transmission by exposure to water-borne WSSV [ 15 , 16 ]. In L. vannamei , horizontal transmission through consumption of infected tissue, by cannibalism or predation, is often considered to be the most effective path of infection compared to exposure to water containing WSSV virions [ 4 , 10 , 17 ].…”