An effective method for the recapture of escaped farmed salmon

Chittenden, Cedar M.; Rikardsen, Audun H.; Skilbrei, Ove; Davidsen, Jan Grimsrud; Halttunen, Elina; Skarðhamar, Jofrid; McKinley, R. S.

doi:10.3354/aei00021

Cited by 26 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…the exotic rainbow trout (both farm escapees and wild) and the native P. trucha, the former dominating at shallow depths and the latter at greater depths. Escaped (ERT) and wild (WRT) rainbow trout each accounted for c. one third of the total littoral capture (<4 m), coinciding with other studies on depth distribution of farm escapees (Chittenden et al, 2011;Skilbrei, 2012;Patterson and Blanchfield, 2013). Diet differences between species were marked, paralleling the observed segregation by depth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Farm escapees could affect wild fish behavior. Given that fish learn from the behavior and chemical cues of other fishes (Brown et al, 2003;Webster et al, 2008), the surface feeding and spatial use typical of rainbow trout farm escapees (Chittenden et al, 2011;Skilbrei, 2012;Patterson and Blanchfield, 2013) may influence the behavior of conspecifics, particularly those naïve fishes reaching the reservoir after birth in tributaries. In oligotrophic environments like those in Patagonia, where wild fish biomass is low (Quirós, 1990), the effect of the massive and sustained input of farm escapees on wild fish behavior is likely to be important, favoring a surface restricted distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ecological impacts include predation, competition and species replacement (Habit et al, 2010;Johnston and Wilson, 2014). A variable degree of escaped fish fidelity to farms has been reported, but dispersal does occur eventually, as does the major use of surface layers (Bridger et al, 2001;Skilbrei, 2010Skilbrei, , 2012Chittenden et al, 2011;Patterson and Blanchfield, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Native and exotic fishes in a Patagonian reservoir with rainbow trout cage culture: spatial and trophic resource use

Jodar

Becker

Blasetti³

et al. 2017

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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-Although the interactions of exotic salmonids with native Patagonian fishes are well known, little is known about the ecology and impact of farmed fish escapees. Salmonid production in Argentina is largely concentrated in the Alicurá reservoir in north Patagonia, where fish community studies have been scarce. Here, we assess and compare the spatial distribution, body size-condition and diet of the different fish species in this reservoir. Strong vertical segregation was observed between exotic rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (both escapees and wild), dominating the littoral zone, and native Percichthys trucha which dominate the medium and deep strata. Low piscivory-benthivory and high zooplanktivory were observed for rainbow trout, both traits being uncommon at a regional scale. Escaped farmed rainbow trout (ERT) diet included abundant indigestible items along with wild prey. Higher body condition of P. trucha close to farms, as well as the regionally unprecedented high incidence of Daphnia sp. in the guts of all the species suggest that farm nutrient discharges have had significant impacts. Finally, the high body condition of ERT, together with their wild food diet and the long dispersal distance observed, demonstrate post-escape success, drawing our attention to potential upstream dispersion affecting the biodiversity and fisheries of Patagonian rivers and lakes.Keywords: aquaculture impact / freshwater salmonid / niche segregation / diet / Patagonia Résumé -Poissons indigènes et exotiques dans un réservoir de Patagonie avec aquaculture en cage de truites arc-en-ciel : utilisation des ressources spatiales et trophiques. Bien que les interactions des salmonidés exotiques avec les poissons patagoniens indigènes soient bien connues, on connaît peu l'écologie et l'impact des poissons échappés d'élevage. La production de salmonidés en Argentine est largement concentrée dans le réservoir d'Alicurá dans le nord de la Patagonie, où les études sur les communautés de poissons ont été rares. Ici, nous évaluons et comparons la répartition spatiale, la taille du corps et l'alimentation des différentes espèces de poissons dans ce réservoir. Une ségrégation verticale forte a été observée entre la truite arc-en-ciel exotique Oncorhynchus mykiss (à la fois évadée et sauvage), dominant la zone littorale et Percichthys trucha natif qui domine les couches moyennes et profondes. Un faible comportement piscivore-benthivore et un régime zooplanctivore important ont été observés pour la truite arc-en-ciel, les deux traits étant peu fréquents à l'échelle régionale. Le régime de la truite arc-en-ciel échappée des cages (ERT) comprenait des composés indigestes abondants et des proies sauvages. Un coefficient de condition élevé de P. trucha près des fermes, ainsi que l'incidence locale sans précédent de Daphnia sp. dans les estomacs de toutes les espèces suggère que les rejets de nutriments aquacoles ont eu des impacts importants. Enfin, le bon état corporel des ERT, ainsi que leur régime alimentaire et la longue distance de ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Native and exotic fishes in a Patagonian reservoir with rainbow trout cage culture: spatial and trophic resource use

Jodar

Becker

Blasetti³

et al. 2017

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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“…High levels of fidelity to farm sites and consumption of waste feed are believed to minimize the impact of escaped fish by reducing competition with local fish for food and habitat (Phillips et al 1985) and by increasing the potential for their subsequent recapture if fish are targeted promptly (Skilbrei & Jørgensen 2010, Chittenden et al 2011. Alternatively, long-distance dispersal of farmed salmonids widens the area of possible impact, and hence risk associated with escapees (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncorhynchus mykiss escaped from commercial freshwater aquaculture pens in Lake Huron, Canada

Patterson¹,

Blanchfield²

2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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The fate of farmed fish after escape from aquaculture operations, and their potential ecosystem impacts, remains a primary concern for the sustainable development of this industry. We simulated small-(< 50 fish) and large-scale (500 fish) escape events of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from 2 commercial operations in the North Channel of Lake Huron, the site of greatest freshwater production in Canada. Individual fish were either implanted with telemetry transmitters (n = 120) or marked with external tags (n = 1000) to monitor their movements and estimate survival and growth upon recapture. Rainbow trout dispersed quickly from the farms, and overall showed variable levels of site fidelity (2 to 40% after 3 mo), with most fish returning to the farm sites on multiple occasions after departure. Released fish were often detected in near-shore areas or at neighbouring commercial operations, but escapees were capable of long distance movements (> 350 km), where they were located in rivers, open waters and in an adjacent Great Lake. Rainbow trout maintained high specific growth rates (average 0.33% d −1 ) in the wild, both at and away from the farms. Known survival of escaped fish after a 3 mo period following release was ~50%, with some fish recaptured up to ~2.5 yr after release. Angling and avian predation accounted for the majority of mortalities. The ability of farmed fish to survive, successfully forage near and far from aquaculture operations and their preponderance to occupy near-shore habitats provide a strong basis for understanding the potential risks that escaped fish may pose to the fish community of Lake Huron.

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“…Acoustic telemetry has been used to assess a wide range of research questions, such as movements of hatchery-reared fish after release (Mitamura et al, 2008), schooling behaviour around fish aggregating devices (FADs) (Mitsanuga et al, 2013), homing ability after displacements (Mitamura et al, 2012), evaluation efficiency of marine protected areas (Knip et al, 2012), harvest selection of behavioural traits (Olsen et al, 2012), effects of water pollution (Thorstad et al, 2013b) and movements of escapees from aquaculture fish farms (Chittenden et al, 2010;Solem et al, 2013). The method has also been used in a range of basic descriptive studies of fish behaviour in sea, estuaries and fresh water (Bendall et al, 2005;Naesje et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Acoustic Transmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thorstad¹,

Rikardsen²,

Alp³

et al. 2014

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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An overview of electronic tags that can be used in fish research is given, including radio and acoustic transmitters, data storage tags (DST, also termed archival tags), pop-up satellite archival tags (PSAT) and passive integrated transponder tags (PIT-tag). Fish telemetry is a term used to describe the application of these methods. Typically, an electronic tag is attached to a free-swimming fish, and information on position, movements and/or measurements of environmental and physiological parameters can be recorded wirelessly by use of a mobile receiver or stationary loggers. For most methods, the fish need not to be recaptured to achieve data. However, DSTs record and store information on environmental and/or physiological parameters in the tag, and therefore need to be retrieved for downloading data. In the case of PSATs, stored data is transferred to satellites when the tag loosens from the fish and pops up to the surface, and in addition, the pop up position is recorded. The developments of telemetry methods have provided opportunities to reveal previously unknown information on fish behavior, habitat use and migrations in fresh water, estuaries, near-coastal areas and oceans, especially since extensive longterm data can be collected repeatedly from individual fish. Detailed information on fish behaviour and migrations is needed to better understand, protect and manage fishes in freshwater and marine systems. The development of successful management measures depends on knowledge of where fish reside and migrate during the day, season and year. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of electronic tagging methods, especially during the last 10-20 years. In addition to descriptive and ecological studies, the methods have been used to assess effects of for instance hydropower production, other river regulations, migration barriers, protected areas, fishing regulations, catch-and-release angling, hatchery-rearing, fish aggregating devices (FADs), water pollution and aquaculture. The main methods for attaching electronic tags to fish are 1) surgical implantation in the body cavity, 2) external attachment, and 3) gastric insertion via the mouth. Potential negative handling effects are inflammations, infections, tag expulsion, altered behavior, decreased swimming performance, reduced feeding, reduced growth and increased mortality. The catch, handling and tagging procedures should have minimal effects on the fish. If not, an anomalous behaviour caused by the tagging may be recorded instead of the natural behaviour, and the study is a failure from a scientific point of view. Furthermore, optimal anaesthetic and tagging methods are required to meet the ethical standards for use of experimental animals, and to ensure fish survival and welfare.

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An effective method for the recapture of escaped farmed salmon

Cited by 26 publications

References 42 publications

Native and exotic fishes in a Patagonian reservoir with rainbow trout cage culture: spatial and trophic resource use

Native and exotic fishes in a Patagonian reservoir with rainbow trout cage culture: spatial and trophic resource use

Oncorhynchus mykiss escaped from commercial freshwater aquaculture pens in Lake Huron, Canada

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