An effective method for skin blood flow measurement using local heat combined with electrical stimulation

Almalty, Abdul-Majeed; Petrofsky, Jerrold S.; Al-Naami, Bassam; Al-Nabulsi, Jamal

doi:10.3109/03091900903271646

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is well established that skin blood flow increases to protect the skin after the application of local heat [1,3,14]. Pennes, in a classic paper, in modeling heat flow through tissue, showed that for a constant heat load applied to the skin, it is blood flow that is the most important contributor to removing heat [1,14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the circulation cannot respond fast enough to protect the skin from a rapidly applied high heat source, the increase in circulation of the skin in response to a warm, sustained, locally applied heat source is a dual response. In the initial phase (first 3 min), tactile sensors in the skin cause an initial vasodilatation mediated by substance P and other vasoactive neuropeptides released from sensory nerves [3][4][5]. As this initial response subsides, there is a more prolonged increase in skin blood flow due to activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthetase by calcium released through TRPV4 voltage gated, temperature sensitive calcium channels [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a thermally neutral room, the skin temperature is generally between 31 and 32 • C [16,17], and core temperature is generally 37 • C; thus any increase in circulation should also have a self-heating effect. For example, when electrical stimulation is applied to the skin, the skin vasodilates and the blood warms the skin to 37 • C [3,18,19]. However, the exact role of this potential self-heating of the skin in warming the skin after the application of a heat source, while predicted by Pennes, has never been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The contribution of skin blood flow in warming the skin after the application of local heat; the duality of the Pennes heat equation

Petrofsky

Paluso

Anderson

et al. 2011

Medical Engineering & Physics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The contribution of skin blood flow in warming the skin after the application of local heat; the duality of the Pennes heat equation

Petrofsky

Paluso

Anderson

et al. 2011

Medical Engineering & Physics

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“…Normally, if the skin is cool, vasoconstriction predominates. If two electrodes are applied to the skin and stimulation is increased with square wave stimulation at a current of 20 milliamps and 40 pulses per second, the blood fl ow to the skin, as measured by laser Doppler imagers, does not change [ 1,100,121,122 ] . However, if the skin or the room is warmed fi rst to release the sympathetic vasoconstriction, then blood fl ow increases substantially during electrical stimulation of the skin and in the skin around wounds [ 1,100,121,122 ] .…”

Section: Skin Moisture Heat and Skin Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Moisture and Heat Transfer

Petrofsky

Berk

2012

Treatment of Dry Skin Syndrome

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“…[71][72][73] This protects the skin from rapid changes in temperature that might cause damage. [74][75][76] These neuropeptides are released when TRPV-1 voltage-gated calcium channels in skin tactile sensory receptors become active. 77,78 The release of neuropeptides then causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.…”

Section: The Mechanism Of Thermoregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Type-2-Diabetes-Related Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction on Skin Physiology and Activities of Daily Living

Petrofsky

2011

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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A common factor contributing to organ damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is impaired tissue blood flow caused by damage to vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Damage can occur even before the clinical diagnosis of diabetes. It can be caused by both a high average blood glucose concentration and/or large daily spikes in blood glucose. While much of the present literature focuses on the damage to VECs and organs from these large glucose excursions, this review will focus on the consequence of this damage, that is, how endothelial cell damage in diabetes affects normal daily activities (e.g., exercise, reaction to typical stimuli) and various treatment modalities (e.g.. contrast baths and electrical stimulation therapy). It is important to understand the effects of VEC damage such as poor skin blood flow, compromised thermoregulation, and altered response to skin pressure in designing diabetes technologies as simple as heating pads and as complex as continuous glucose monitors. At the simplest level, people with diabetes have poor circulation to the skin and other organs. In the skin, even the blood flow response to locally applied pressure, such as during standing, is different than for people who do not have T2DM. Simple weight bearing on the foot can occlude the skin circulation. This makes the skin more susceptible to damage. In addition, endothelial damage has farreaching effects on the whole body during normal activities of daily living, including an impaired response to local heat, such as hot packs and contrast baths, and higher body temperatures during whole body heating due to impaired blood flow and a reduced ability to sweat. Finally, because of multiple organ damage, people with T2DM have poor balance and gait and impaired exercise performance. Technol 2011;5(3):657-667 J Diabetes Sci SYMPOSIUM OverviewType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with serious consequences for health and mortality such as cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and stroke. 1,2 While different organ systems are impaired in people with diabetes, 3,4 a common factor in many of the complications of diabetes and the natural senescence of the organs due to aging is impaired vascular endothelial function. Diabetes is characterized by abnormally high vascular tone 6 and impaired vasorelaxation of blood vessels.7 Lack of a typical circulatory response to stress not only damages organs, but affects whole body functions such as balance, gait, and the ability to respond to heat stress. [8][9][10][11] 658 Many articles have focused on continuous glucose monitoring and its importance in preventing cellular damage in people with diabetes. [12][13][14] This review will concentrate on the implications of poor glucose control on blood flow and on how damage to vascular endothelial cells (VECs) impacts whole body function such as the ability of the skin to handle stressors during daily activities and more gross whole body functions such as thermoregulation, balance, orthostatic tolerance, and gait. Impact of Diabetes on ...

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An effective method for skin blood flow measurement using local heat combined with electrical stimulation

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

The contribution of skin blood flow in warming the skin after the application of local heat; the duality of the Pennes heat equation

The contribution of skin blood flow in warming the skin after the application of local heat; the duality of the Pennes heat equation

Skin Moisture and Heat Transfer

The Effect of Type-2-Diabetes-Related Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction on Skin Physiology and Activities of Daily Living

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