An effective image self-recovery based fragile watermarking using self-adaptive weight-based compressed AMBTC

Chang, Chin‐Chen; Lin, Chia-Chen; Su, Guo-Dong

doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09132-w

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Scheme in [4] 37.9 dB [26,29] dB α < 59% Scheme in [7] 37.9 dB 40.7 dB α < 24% Scheme in [10] 51.3 dB [24,36] dB α < 50% Scheme in [18] 37.9 dB +∞ α < 26% Scheme in [23] [37.92, 54.13] dB [28.63, 46.98] dB α < 50% Scheme in [28] 49.76 dB 34.65 dB α < 50% Proposed Scheme 46.8 dB [32,42] dB α < 50%…”

Section: Condition Of Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pixel P Air-Wise Fragile Image Watermarking Based on HC-Based Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding

Lin

Chang

2021

Electronics

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In this paper, we first designed Huffman code (HC)-based absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC). Then, we applied Huffman code (HC)-based absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) to design a pixel pair-wise fragile image watermarking method. Pixel pair-wise tampering detection and content recovery mechanisms were collaboratively applied in the proposed scheme to enhance readability even when images have been tampered with. Representative features are derived from our proposed HC-based AMBTC compression codes of the original image, and then serve as authentication code and recovery information at the same time during tamper detection and recovery operations. Recovery information is embedded into two LSB of the original image with a turtle shell-based data hiding method and a pre-determined matrix. Therefore, each non-overlapping pixel-pair carries four bits of recovery information. When the recipient suspects that the received image may have been tampered with, the compressed image can be used to locate tampered pixels, and then the recovery information can be used to restore the tampered pixels.

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Section: Condition Of Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To solve such problems, fragile watermarking has been proposed . Additionally, traditional cryptographic schemes have been applied [26][27][28]. Fragile watermarking is a method that exposes changes in the image content by identifying variations in the information of embedded watermark bits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pixel P Air-Wise Fragile Image Watermarking Based on HC-Based Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding

Lin

Chang

2021

Electronics

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“…In [29][30][31], they proposed a fragile watermarking technique based on Block Truncation Coding (BTC). In this method, the bitstream compressed with BTC [32] or AMBTC [33] of the original image was hidden in the LSB and 2LSB of the cover image to store the features of the original image.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The error rate of tamper detection using the XOR operation between the bitmap of each block and the binary random number may higher than that of using the decimal number. Chang et al [31] proposed a method to improve the quality of marked images by enhancing the compression performance of AMBTC encoding bits for the original image.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme to Detect Image Tampering Using AMBTC and OPAP Approaches

Kim

Yang

2021

Applied Sciences

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Research on self-embedding watermarks is being actively conducted to solve personal privacy and copyright problems by image attack. In this paper, we propose a self-embedded watermarking technique based on Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) for reconstructing tampered images by cropping attacks and forgery. AMBTC is suitable as a recovery bit (watermark) for the tampered image. This is because AMBTC has excellent compression performance and image quality. Moreover, to improve the quality of the marked image, the Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) method is used in the process of hiding AMBTC in the cover image. To find a damaged block in a marked image, the authentication data along with the watermark must be hidden in the block. We employ a checksum for authentication. The watermark is embedded in the pixels of the cover image using 3LSB and 2LSB, and the checksum is hidden in the LSB. Through the recovering procedure, it is possible to recover the original marked image from the tampered marked image. In addition, when the tampering ratio was 45%, the image (Lena) could be recovered at 36 dB. The proposed self-embedding method was verified through an experiment, and the result was the recovered image showed superior perceptual quality compared to the previous methods.

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“…With the rapid development of the Internet and digital processing technologies, the ownership protection of digital content, such as an image, audio, videos, and so on, has become a crucial issue. As an important research topic, various approaches are employed, i.e., data hiding [1][2][3][4][5] and watermarking techniques [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], to protect the legal owner and protect digital data from illegal manipulations. The main objectives of the above approaches can be achieved by concealing watermarks, such as a company's brand logo or an owner's personal signature, in the original content, so that the authenticated owners can claim their ownership of the digital content by successfully extracting the hidden watermark.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LRW-CRDB: Lossless Robust Watermarking Scheme for Categorical Relational Databases

2021

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In 2002, Agrawal and Kiernan defined six basic requirements, including preventing illegal watermark embedding and authentication, reversibility, robustness, and others, which must be satisfied when a reversible watermark is designed for relational databases. To meet these requirements, in this paper, a lossless watermarking scheme for a categorical relational database called LRW-CRDB (lossless robust watermarking for categorical relational databases) is proposed. In our LRW-CRDB scheme, the database owner needs to generate two secret embedding keys, K1 and K2, in advance. Then, two reference sets are generated based on two different secret embedding keys and a symmetry-based data hiding strategy, and then these are used for the watermark embedding phases. Experimental results confirmed that our LRW-CRDB scheme successfully detects 100% of hidden watermarks, even when more than 95% of the watermarked relational database has been deleted. In other words, the robustness of our proposed LRW-CRDB scheme outperforms other existing schemes under a variety of possible attacks, such as alteration, sorting, deletion, and mix-match attacks.

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An effective image self-recovery based fragile watermarking using self-adaptive weight-based compressed AMBTC

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Pixel P Air-Wise Fragile Image Watermarking Based on HC-Based Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding

Pixel P Air-Wise Fragile Image Watermarking Based on HC-Based Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding

Self-Embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme to Detect Image Tampering Using AMBTC and OPAP Approaches

LRW-CRDB: Lossless Robust Watermarking Scheme for Categorical Relational Databases

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