An EEG averaging technique for automated sleep-wake stage identification in the rat

Luijtelaar, E.L.J.M. van; Coenen, A.M.L.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90056-8

Cited by 74 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Animals lived under a 12-12 LD cycle with white lights on at 2000 h. Red light was switched on during the dark period. Rats were implanted with a permanent tripolar EEG electrode set for recording the frontooccipital EEG, and a bipolar electrode set for recording the nuchal electromyogram (EMG) (for details, see [ 31 ] ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 on sleep-wake states, behaviour, and spike-wave discharges in old rats

Puigcerver

Luijtelaar

Drinkenburg

et al. 1996

Brain Research Bulletin

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The GABA, antagonist CGP 35348 was intraperitoneally given in doses of 100, 300, and 900 mglkg to old rats. These rats were earlier chronically provided with EEG and EMG electrodes. Sleep recordings based on visual inspection of EEG and EMG recordings were made for 3 h post injection, and spontaneous behaviour in the recording cage was additionally observed. With 100 and 300 mglkg, the drug produced an increase in the duration of REM sleep compared to the saline-injected control group. The REM sleep latency was correspondingly reduced. Non-REM sleep and total sleep duration increased and an s-shaped dose-response relationship was found. Explorative behaviour was diminished after injections with 100 and 300 mgl kg CGP 35348. The number and duration of spike-wave discharges were reduced after all doses of CGP 35348 and during all 3 recording hours. The latter outcomes confirm the strong suppressive action of this drug on spike-wave discharges; these effects have also been reported in models of absence epilepsy. The hypnotic properties and especially the increase in REM sleep after the administration of CGP 35348 deserve attention considering the paucity of drugs which facilitate REM sleep. The discovery of drugs promoting REM sleep might have theoretical as well as clinical consequences.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 on sleep-wake states, behaviour, and spike-wave discharges in old rats

Puigcerver

Luijtelaar

Drinkenburg

et al. 1996

Brain Research Bulletin

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“…We found lactate minimum test scores quite similar to the literature (2, 11) and only the lactataemia corresponding to LMT was influenced by experimental illumination. A decrease in LLM has already been shown in human beings (37) and rats (38) with low stores of glycogen. Ahead of this, experiments with malnourished rats report approximately similar results (39), showing that physiologically adverse conditions are capable of decreasing Environmental light effects on rats 117 117 lactate concentration, as occurred in our experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Rat circadian rhythms are well characterised by high core body temperature (25,36), spontaneous activity (21), food intake, heart rate and locomotion (25) during dark period, representing 62% of total sleep time in the daylight period (38). Circadian modulations of these parameters are mainly synchronised by environmental light for these mammals (8,20,26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of high wavelengths low intensity light during dark period on physical exercise performance, biochemical and haematological parameters of swimming rats

Beck

Gobatto

2016

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Nocturnal rodents should be assessed at an appropriate time of day, which leads to a challenge in identifying an adequate environmental light which allows animal visualisation without perturbing physiological homeostasis. Thus, we analysed the influence of high wavelength and low intensity light during dark period on physical exercise and biochemical and haematological parameters of nocturnal rats. We submitted 80 animals to an exhaustive exercise at individualised intensity under two different illuminations during dark period. Red light (> 600 nm; < 15lux) was applied constantly during dark period (EI; for experimental illumination groups) or only for handling and assessments (SI; for standard illumination groups). EI led to worse haematological and biochemical conditions, demonstrating that EI alone can influence physiological parameters and jeopardise result interpretation. SI promotes normal physiological conditions and greater aerobic tolerance than EI, showing the importance of a correct illumination pattern for all researchers that employ nocturnal rats for health/disease or sports performance experiments.Keywords: rats, chronobiology, aerobic tolerance, haematology, environmental illumination, exerciseMany authors have postulated the existence of circadian rhythms for physical exercise performance (12, 32), however, some of them do not entirely agree (10, 41). Despite lack of consensus, a common point raised over the years is the presence of confounding effects that disturb experimental control in human model investigations involving exercise chronobiology (12,17,32,41). In summary, confounding effects comprise social, nutritional, motivational and time-awake variations, masking the real chronobiological phenomena. In order to optimise such methodological control the animal model certainly becomes an interesting way. Rat circadian rhythms are well characterised by high core body temperature (25, 36), spontaneous activity (21), food intake, heart rate and locomotion (25) during dark period, representing 62% of total sleep time in the daylight period (38). Circadian modulations of these parameters are mainly synchronised by environmental light for these mammals (8,20,26). During the wakefulness period these nocturnal laboratory animals are usually kept under total darkness, promoting an optimum environment for the rat but adverse conditions for visualisation-based assessments. This condition encourages researchers to apply procedures under indiscriminate environmental light and time of day.

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“…NREM sleep is defined by high-amplitude EEG and low-voltage EMG patterns, and this state is also characterized by the presence of high EEG delta activity (0.65-4 Hz). Finally, REM sleep is commonly defined by low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG patterns and the absence of EMG activity; furthermore, the presence of EEG theta activity (6-9 Hz) can be used to confirm this state [12,14].…”

Section: Visual Scoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…b The distribution of the h/d ratio in relation to the epoch numbers of the REM-and NREM-sleep states in the low-energy area using a summarized data set from three mouse EEG signals. If the value of the h/d ratio was equal to or greater than 2, it was judged as REM sleep; otherwise, it was judged as NREM sleep Sleep Vigilance (2017) 1: [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] 17…”

Section: Features Of the Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entire Frequency Domain Analysis of Rodent EEG and EMG Recordings Using Relative Thresholds

Yan

et al. 2017

Sleep Vigilance

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Aim The aim of this work was to develop a simple computer-based sleep-scoring algorithm to detect the three vigilance states-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-REM (NREM) sleep, and wakefulness-using the entire frequency domain with relative thresholds. Methods A variety of frequencies and time-domain features were extracted from each 4-s epoch in retrospective 24-h sleep data sets from mice using an algorithm developed in Matlab version 7.0. This algorithm is composed of five steps: (1) determining the EMG-power ratio, (2) determining the three energy areas (high, middle, and low) using EMG-power ratio thresholds (e.g., 5.5 and 6), (3) determining the h/d ratio, (4) distinguishing wakefulness from NREM sleep using the h/d ratio in the middle-energy area, and (5) distinguishing REM from NREM sleep using the h/d ratio in the low-energy area. Results We were able to achieve a high degree (92%) of agreement between the results of this algorithm and the results of a waveform-recognition procedure.Conclusion This algorithm should overcome the inconsistencies inherent in manual scoring and reduce the time required for expert analysis. This algorithm is a reliable and efficient tool for automated detection of the three vigilance states.

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An EEG averaging technique for automated sleep-wake stage identification in the rat

Cited by 74 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of the GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 on sleep-wake states, behaviour, and spike-wave discharges in old rats

Effects of the GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 on sleep-wake states, behaviour, and spike-wave discharges in old rats

Effect of high wavelengths low intensity light during dark period on physical exercise performance, biochemical and haematological parameters of swimming rats

Entire Frequency Domain Analysis of Rodent EEG and EMG Recordings Using Relative Thresholds

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