An economic aspect of conversion of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in the Polish Lowland

Wegieł, A; Jaszczak, Roman; Rączka, Grzegorz; Strzeliński, Paweł; Sugiero, Damian; Wierzbicka, Anna

doi:10.17221/105/2008-jfs

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The reconstruction of tree stands. The first, initial component of the forest management transformation model, implemented as early as in 1970s (under socialism) [7,17], considered a gradual replacement of coniferous stands artificially planted on fertile forest sites in the 1800s and in the era of socialism, by mixed and broadleaved stands made of species indigenous to a given forest habitat [5]. Therefore, in the years 1948-2020, the proportion of forest area covered by coniferous tree species decreased from the initial 87.1% to 75.6% [33,94].…”

Section: Issues and Directions Of The Protection Of Forest Ecosystems...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starting from 1772, Poland was split between the bordering empires (Russia, Prussia and Austria) for over 120 years. At that time, the country's environment was intensively exploited, and in the 19th century, forest coniferous tree species were propagated; this also occurred all over Europe [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Modelled on agriculture, single-species, single-generation and single-layer spatially ordered forest stands were cultivated, leading to the elimination of the ecosystem and spatial diversity of forests almost completely [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Ecosystem Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

Referowska-Chodak,

Kornatowska

2023

Forests

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This paper presents the results of an analysis of the effects of Poland’s forest management evolution over the last 75 years on forest biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Forest biodiversity changes in the two politically and economically different eras (socialism and democracy) are interpreted based on four indicators used in assessments of forest stands (naturalness; habitat diversity; forest management system; forest stand age structure). In the era of socialism (1945–1989), there were dynamic increases in the area of semi-natural forests as well as in the proportion of the most fertile habitats, whilst the proportion of the poorest habitats decreased quite dynamically. Then, the clearcutting management system was regularly implemented, with adverse impacts on forest spatial structure diversity. The proportion of old/mature tree stands and the stand average age increased at relatively slow rates. In the era of democracy (1990–2020), there were comparatively more dynamic increases observed in the area of forests undisturbed by man, as well as in the proportions of mixed broadleaved and wetland forest habitats. At the same time, the proportion of old/mature stands and stand average age kept increasing at relatively fast rates. The area of forests managed with the use of the shelterwood system increased and the area of forest plantations substantially decreased. On the other hand, irrespective of the era under study, there occurred a noticeable not-so-favourable decreasing trend in the proportion of the youngest forest stands. All in all, during the analysed period of more than seven decades, the evolution of forest management practice implemented in Poland’s forests by State Forests National Forest Holding led to the restoration of/an increase in biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Yet, there have remained unsolved issues, as regards the following aspects: organisational (the assurance of further reconstruction of forest stands, and the restoration of water profiles), political (a lack of up-to-date national forest policy), and financial (the costs of protecting/restoring biodiversity vs. State Forests’ self-financing), as well as conceptual (old-growth stands in managed forests, and controversy over clearcutting) and natural/anthropogenic (climate change, and the eutrophication of forest habitats) issues. The solutions may require measures outside the limits of Poland’s forestry, if not far beyond national borders.

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Section: Issues and Directions Of The Protection Of Forest Ecosystems...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Ecosystem Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

Referowska-Chodak,

Kornatowska

2023

Forests

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“…Roman JASZCZAK, Piotr GOŁOJUCH, Sandra WAJCHMAN-ŚWITALSKA, Mariusz MIOTKE Czuba [2006] stated that the stand conversion is an untypical endeavor for forest management because its main aim is not economical or not determined by a long-term strategy, but it results from misteakes which occured in the silviculture or chance events. Despite this view, the literature on forest management is a series of publications relating to the presented problems [11,12,19,20,21,22,25,26,31,32,35]. From the legal point of view, forest owners are obliged to maintain forests in the state of balance, as well as to provide the forest conversion [42].…”

Section: Stand Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Management as an Element of Environment Development

Jaszczak

Gołojuch

Wajchman-Świtalska

et al. 2017

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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The implementation of goals of modern forestry requires a simultaneous consideration of sustainable development of forests, protection, needs of the environment development, as well as maintaining a balance between functions of forests. In the current multifunctional forest model, rational forest management assumes all of its tasks as equally important. Moreover, its effects are important factors in the nature and environment protection. The paper presents legal conditions related to the definitions of forest management concepts and sustainable forest management. Authors present a historical outline of human’s impact on the forest and its consequences for the environment. The selected aspects of forest management (eg. forest utilization, afforestation, tourism and recreation) and their role in the forest environment have been discussed.

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“…At that time, Poland was partitioned between the bordering empires (Russia, Prussia and Austria), who intensively exploited local environment for 123 years (1772-1918) [5][6][7]. It resulted in, inter alia, the simplification and standardization of Poland's forest landscape [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

Referowska-Chodak

Kornatowska

2021

Forests

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At all times, historical, political, economic, and social factors have affected the management of forests, with direct and indirect effects on the landscape. This study aimed to trace the impact of Poland’s forestry evolution over the last 75 years (1945–2020) on forest biodiversity at the landscape level. Five indicators were selected (forest area, forest fragmentation, protected forests, protective forests, harvesting intensity) to identify directions and dynamics of changes of the forest landscape and their determinants and repercussions. In addition, there were determined forest landscapes threats and recommendations for further action and intervention were formulated. The study period embraced two eras of widely divergent political-economic conditions in Poland (socialism and democracy). In the socialism era (1945–1989), there promptly increased total forest cover, wood resources (total growing stock) and the total area of protective forests (essential for safeguarding biodiversity, including the landscape level). In the era of democracy (1990–2020), average growing stock density increased intensely, and at the same time, a greater emphasis was put on reducing forest fragmentation and clear-cut logging. The results obtained showed equal average increase in the area of protected forests in both eras under the study (most intense at their crossing point). In view of the protection of biodiversity at the forest landscape level, the changes throughout the study period were considered positive, although not without problems and challenging consequences for foresters. The determined pressures to the forest landscapes, requiring legal, political, or financial solutions, include a risk of alteration of the ownership structure of Poland’s forests or possibility of operational changes in the State Forests National Forest Holding; outdated forest policies; organizational difficulties in the forest landscape protection; insufficient conservation funding; uneven distribution and further fragmentation of forests; and—last but not least—climate change impacts, including extreme weather events and droughts.

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An economic aspect of conversion of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in the Polish Lowland

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Ecosystem Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Ecosystem Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

Forest Management as an Element of Environment Development

Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests

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