An Economic Analysis of the Determinants of Domestic Demand for Tea Imports in Iraq Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Technique (Ardl) for the Period (1990-2020)

Abstract

This study was aimed to estimate the domestic demand function on tea imports in Iraq using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) for co-integration during the period 1990-2020.The data are verified for stationary by using unit root tests basis on Augmented Dickey - Fuller Test. The existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among tea import quantity, current prices of tea and coffee buying, gross national income, and number of buyers is proved using bounds test method to co-integration. Results of estimating short and long-run models of the demand of tea imports by using the unrestricted error correction approach showed that the error correction parameter is adjusted annually by 140%. Results of estimating price elasticity of demand in the short run showed that the absolute coefficient of price elasticity of demand is less than one and more than zero, which means that tea is a necessary commodity for the Iraqi shopper. Additionally the cross elasticity coefficient had a positive sign in the short and long run, which means that coffee, is an alternative good for tea from the viewpoint of the Iraqi consumer. With regarding to the coefficient value of the income elasticity of demand, it was positive and less than one in the short and long run, which means that tea, is a necessary normal commodity for Iraqi buyers. The study recommended that it is necessary to diversify the sources of national income in the local economy by utilizing all available resources in order to reduce dependence on oil revenues, which were a major source of financing imports in the country.

Performance Evaluation of an Imported Machine for Corn Threshing

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“…Maize (Zea mays L.) is considered one of the major crops that hold great industrial and food significance. Maize is primarily cultivated for local consumption, particularly for the production of corn flakes and starch [1]. Corn is known to be one of the most strategic crops, not only in Iraq but also in many regions worldwide.…”

استخلاص الكافيين من مخلفات القهوة بعملية الاستخلاص الصلب-سائل

“…It's a bioactive material and has high pharmaceutical importance due to its role in benefiting human health, where the regular consumption of coffee may reduce the risk of gallstones by stimulating the gallbladder 11 . Caffeine could also reduce the risks of developing some diseases like Parkinson's by protecting the human brain cells 12,13 , and it can relieve asthma attacks [14][15][16] , which can relieve headaches 17 . Despite caffeine's health benefits, caffeine can have some adverse health effects when consumed at high rates and is highly associated with decreasing bone density which leads to osteoporosis 18 .…”

A Comparative Study Between the Presence or Absence of Support for Farmers of the Corn Crop in Iraq for the Year 2019

“…As well as, the case for the individual producer's behaviour, it changes according to the surrounding circumstances. At the same time, most countries are seeking to intensify crop production to ensure self-sufficiency in grain crops (4). The Gross Domestic Production -GDP shows the proportions of each sector contribution, whether service or production, contributes to the formation of the national economy.…”