An Ecological Study of the Association between Area-Level Green Space and Adult Mortality in Hong Kong

Xu, Lixia; Ren, Chao; Yuan, Chao; Nichol, Janet Elizabeth; Goggins, William B.

doi:10.3390/cli5030055

Cited by 38 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As with HEAT for cycling, this model (R-R model, in the following) does not consider the consequences of air pollution on morbidity, but assesses the increase in mortality levels resulting from the inhaled dose of PM 10 . Also, in this case, only long-term effects are considered, which means a systematic exposure to certain concentrations of PM 10 .…”

Section: Cycling Costs Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, in this case, only long-term effects are considered, which means a systematic exposure to certain concentrations of PM 10 . This makes the model compatible with the assumptions in HEAT.…”

Section: Cycling Costs Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of relative risk estimating the number cases of death for an increase of 10 µg/m 3 in PM 10 concentration, reported by Künzli et al [26], has been used.…”

Section: Rr 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This scenario describes a future situation different from scenario 2024 only for pollutant concentration, as we suppose a decrease in PM 10 each person of the sample completes two bike trips each day (to reach a work place and to go back home), so the number of cyclists results in about 85,000. A mean annual value of PM10 concentration of 42 μg/m 3 , as estimated from 2015 monitoring data, was assumed.…”

Section: Improved Air Quality Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, in New York City and in Pittsburgh in the U.S., as well as in Toronto, Canada [5] and Piacenza, Italy [6], sample groups of bike commuters are equipped with pollution sensors and an array of health monitors to evaluate the inhaled dose and the health consequences of exposure to air pollutants. More in general, many studies have quantified the health effects of moving in different city microenvironments (e.g., [7][8][9][10]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Value of Systematic Cycling in a Polluted Urban Environment

Guariso

Malvestiti

2017

Climate

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Abstract:The positive health effects of systematic cycling are weighted against the negative effects due to higher pollutant inhalation in the actual case of the city of Milan in northern Italy. The paper first evaluates the actual use of bikes in the city, and then considers why and how much such an active mobility style can be expanded. Two models are used to compare the outcome of cycling on the specific population sample with the equivalent path travelled by car. The first model computes the long term effects of the physical activity, and the second evaluates the exacerbation of some relevant diseases due to the exposure to high levels of pollutants, in the case at hand, mainly particulate matter with diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM 10 ). According to these two models, the overall balance for public health is always in favour of systematic biking. Even the current level of biking, low in comparison to other European cities, allows a considerable economic advantage on the order of tens of millions euros per year. This may increase to hundreds of millions if the biking level of more bike-friendly cities is reached. Despite being much less relevant from the economic viewpoint, the study also estimates the reduction of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions corresponding to the assumed biking levels.

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Section: Cycling Costs Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cycling Costs Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of relative risk estimating the number cases of death for an increase of 10 µg/m 3 in PM 10 concentration, reported by Künzli et al [26], has been used.…”

Section: Rr 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Improved Air Quality Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Value of Systematic Cycling in a Polluted Urban Environment

Guariso

Malvestiti

2017

Climate

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The Influence of Socio-economic and Socio-demographic Factors in the Association Between Urban Green Space and Health

Kabisch

2019

Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

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Green spaces can help preventing potential negative health outcomes from climate change and urbanisation. Urban green spaces may reduce cardiovascular diseases exaggerated by heat stress or noise because of their climate regulation and noise-buffering potential. Urban green space may also promote physical activity and social interactions, and thus improve the physical and mental health of residents who tend to be more stressed in urban environments. Research findings on associations between urban green space and health outcomes are, however, not consistent, and potential relationships are often affected by confounding factors. In this chapter, a systematic review of the association between urban green space and health is presented, with a particular focus on socioeconomic and sociodemographic confounders that may override potential associations. Results show that there is some positive effect of urban green space on mental health and cardiovascular diseases. However, evidence is weak as many other studies show that socioeconomic confounders, such as household income or neighbourhood deprivation, have the highest impact. The mediating effect of urban green space to decrease health inequality among different socioeconomic groups may be more important. Based on the results of the review, conclusions are drawn on how to design green space that is beneficial for the health and well-being of all population groups including the vulnerable groups of children, the elderly and deprived people. This field of research is growing, and important prospects for future research on urban green and health are highlighted.

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