An Ecological Risk Assessment for Triclosan in Lotic Systems Following Discharge From Wastewater Treatment Plants in the United States

Reiss, Richard; Mackay, Neil; Habig, Cliff; Griffin, John W.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2483:aeraft>2.0.co;2

Cited by 40 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Both soils had similar K d values, with 17.6 L/kg and 17.8 L/kg for the sandy soil and the clay soil, respectively. The K OC values for the sandy soil and the clay soil were 1,958 L/kg and 939 L/kg, respectively, which were quite different from those reported by Reiss et al [21]. Since TCS has a p K a of 8.14, the majority of TCS in both soils is expected to be in a nonionic form.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Effect of triclosan on microbial activity in australian soils

Waller

Kookana

2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Triclosan (TCS) antimicrobial compound is used in personal care products such as shampoos and soaps. The TCS compound can survive the treatment process and is often present in the sewage effluent and biosolids. We investigated the impact of TCS upon selected microbiological and biochemical parameters in two contrasting Australian soils. Substrate-induced respiration and nitrification, plus activities of four enzymes (relevant for carbon and nitrogen turnover), were measured using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development protocols after exposing soils to TCS at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg of soil. Respiration in the sandy soil was not affected by the addition of TCS, but in clay soil it decreased to TCS at 50 mg/kg of soil. The nitrification process was affected in both soils. In the sandy soil, TCS showed a negative effect on the nitrate and nitrite production at 5 mg/kg. In contrast, in the clay soil, the effect was noticeable only at concentrations greater than 50 mg/kg. The response of four enzymes (acid and alkali phosphatase, 3-glucosidase, and chitinase) in the two soils was variable, and only P3-glucosidase showed some response to TCS addition. The study demonstrated that TCS at concentrations below 10 mg/kg can disturb the nitrogen cycle in some soils. A first-tier hazard assessment highlighted the need for further work on TCS impact on soil microorganisms.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Effect of triclosan on microbial activity in australian soils

Waller

Kookana

2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…On the other hand, the value for triclosan is relatively high, ranging from 3.7 to 5.1, indicating that triclosan would be removed from the dissolved phase into sludge. A similar value (4.3) was determined for deactivated sludge (Reiss et al 2002). The K d values for triclosan in activated sludge from STP-2 was one order of magnitude higher than that from STP-1 (Table 3).…”

Section: Finland and Other European Countries (Paxé Us 2004)supporting

confidence: 74%

Mass balance analysis of triclosan, diethyltoluamide, crotamiton and carbamazepine in sewage treatment plants

Nakada

Yasojima

Okayasu

et al. 2010

Water Science and Technology

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The behavior of antibacterial triclosan, insect-repellent diethyltoluamide (DEET), anticonvulsant carbamazepine, and antipruritic crotamiton was investigated at two sewage treatment plants (STPs) to clarify their complete mass balance. Twenty-four-hour flow-proportional composite samples were collected from the influent and effluent of primary and final sedimentation tanks, a biofiltration tank and disinfection tanks. Sludge samples (i.e., activated and excess sludge) and samples of the return flow from the sludge treatment process were collected in the same manner. The analytes in both the dissolved and particulate phases were individually determined by a gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer. Triclosan was dominantly detected in the particulate phase especially in the early stage of treatment (up to 83%) and was efficiently removed (over 90%) in STPs, mainly by sorption to sewage sludge. Limited removal was observed for DEET (55+/-24%), while no significant removal was demonstrated for crotamiton or carbamazepine. The solid-water distribution coefficients (K(d), n=4) for triclosan (log K(d): 3.7-5.1), DEET (1.3-1.9) and crotamiton (1.1-1.6) in the sludge samples are also determined in this study. These findings indicate the limitations of current sewage treatment techniques for the removal of these water-soluble drugs (i.e. DEET, carbamazepine, and crotamiton).

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“…4,5 In animal experiments, low doses of TCS were ecotoxic to aquatic organisms and also had endocrine disrupting effects in amphibians and shes. [6][7][8][9] Furthermore, research has shown that TCS can cause DNA damage in human normal stem cells, and has an obvious time-effect relationship. 10 These studies concluded that risk assessments and toxicity information for TCS were signicant and urgently needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%