An Ecological Momentary Assessment of Self-improvement and Self-evaluation Body Comparisons: Associations with College Women’s Body Dissatisfaction and Exercise

MacIntyre, Rachel I.; Heron, Kristin E.; Braitman, Abby L.

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.04.002

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Several studies included multiple predictor and outcome variables measured using EMA and other data collection methodologies. Most studies included some psychometric support but lacked complete details for all measures [ 50 , 51 , 56 ]. Therefore, questions 9 and 11 of the NHLBI quality assessment tool, which ask about the validity and reliability of exposure and outcome measures, were categorized based on overall clarity and psychometric support rather than requiring complete psychometric support described for all measures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common correlates measured using eEMA were related to mood, affect, and feelings such as stress [ 57 , 58 , 61 , 66 - 69 , 74 , 77 , 78 ]; negative and positive affective states [ 49 , 51 , 52 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 76 ]; urges [ 44 , 51 ]; depressive symptoms [ 54 , 68 , 72 , 76 ]; anxious states [ 50 , 54 , 68 , 76 ]; fatigue [ 46 , 54 ]; and other emotional states [ 50 , 55 , 63 , 67 , 72 , 77 ], which allows not only the analysis of these variables with movement behaviors but also the exploration of emotional inertia, variability, and stability [ 50 , 76 ]. eEMA was also used to measure reflective and reactive cognitive processes specific to physical activity, sedentary behavior, or sleep [ 45 , 49 , 53 , 56 , 60 ]. eEMA items were commonly used to collect data on current activity or behavior [ 42 , 47 , 49 , 55 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 77 ], location or environment [ 43 , 47 , 49 , 59 , 64 , 77 ], social context or interactions [ 43 , 47 ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these reports, the incentives were in the form of monetary compensation such as gift cards or cash (12/25, 48%) [ 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 55 , 59 , 61 , 63 , 67 , 76 ], course credit (5/25, 20%) [ 50 , 53 , 70 , 74 , 77 ], or a combination of both (8/25, 32%) [ 46 , 48 , 51 , 56 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 71 ]. In 64% (16/25) of the studies with incentives, the incentive amounts were dependent on a minimum completion threshold or prorated for completing questions and returning equipment [ 42 , 43 , 45 , 49 - 53 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 71 , 74 ]. For example, in the study by Bedard et al [ 49 ], participants received a US $10 Starbucks gift card for completion of the initial questionnaire and for agreeing to wear an accelerometer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Research in Young Adults: Systematic Review

Hartson¹,

Huntington‐Moskos²,

Sears³

et al. 2023

J Med Internet Res

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Background Recent technological advances allow for the repeated sampling of real-time data in natural settings using electronic ecological momentary assessment (eEMA). These advances are particularly meaningful for investigating physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in young adults who are in a critical life stage for the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors. Objective This study aims to describe the use of eEMA methodologies in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep research in young adults. Methods The PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched through August 2022. Inclusion criteria were use of eEMA; sample of young adults aged 18 to 25 years; at least 1 measurement of physical activity, sedentary behavior, or sleep; English language; and a peer-reviewed report of original research. Study reports were excluded if they were abstracts, protocols, or reviews. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were conducted by independent authors, with discrepancies resolved by consensus. Descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis were used to identify overarching patterns within the following categories guided by the Checklist for Reporting Ecological Momentary Assessments Studies: study characteristics, outcomes and measures, eEMA procedures, and compliance. Results The search resulted in 1221 citations with a final sample of 37 reports describing 35 unique studies. Most reports (28/37, 76%) were published in the last 5 years (2017-2022), used observational designs (35/37, 95%), consisted of samples of college students or apprentices (28/35, 80%), and were conducted in the United States (22/37, 60%). The sample sizes ranged from 14 to 1584 young adults. Physical activity was measured more frequently (28/37, 76%) than sleep (16/37, 43%) or sedentary behavior (4/37, 11%). Of the 37 studies, 11 (30%) reports included 2 movement behaviors and no reports included 3 movement behaviors. eEMA was frequently used to measure potential correlates of movement behaviors, such as emotional states or feelings (25/37, 68%), cognitive processes (7/37, 19%), and contextual factors (9/37, 24%). There was wide variability in the implementation and reporting of eEMA procedures, measures, missing data, analysis, and compliance. Conclusions The use of eEMA methodologies in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep research in young adults has greatly increased in recent years; however, reports continue to lack standardized reporting of features unique to the eEMA methodology. Additional areas in need of future research include the use of eEMA with more diverse populations and the incorporation of all 3 movement behaviors within a 24-hour period. The findings are intended to assist investigators in the design, implementation, and reporting of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep research using eEMA in young adults. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42021279156; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021279156

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Use of Electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Research in Young Adults: Systematic Review

Hartson¹,

Huntington‐Moskos²,

Sears³

et al. 2023

J Med Internet Res

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“…Self-improvement refers to people's intention to improve their situation or themselves (Chwyl et al, 2021); it is related to several positive factors, such as exercise thought (MacIntyre et al, 2020) and positive changes in perceived relationship security and quality with a partner (Hui et al, 2012). Self-improvement is conceptualized as the opposite of the lying flat mindset because people who apply a lying flat mindset do little to improve themselves.…”

Section: Personal Relative Deprivation and Self-improvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are people ‘Lying Flat’? Personal relative deprivation suppresses self‐improvement motivation

Zheng

Jing

Liu

et al. 2022

British J Social Psychol

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The ‘Lying Flat’ mindset refers to people's low intention to self‐improvement. We hypothesized that personal relative deprivation (PRD), the negative consequence of social comparisons, is one of the reasons that might harm individuals' self‐improvement motivations. In study 1 (N = 313), we found that PRD negatively predicted self‐improvement after controlling for various confounding variables. This result is confirmed in study 2a (N = 3399) and 2b (N = 3219) by using a national representative sample. Furthermore, Study 2a found that the effect of PRD on self‐improvement was mediated by the system‐justifying belief (SJB). In study 3 (N = 160), we experimentally demonstrated that PRD harms self‐improvement and persistence via its effect on SJB. The higher PRD people experienced, the less they endorsed the SJB, which thereby reduced self‐improvement. Taken together, this research manifested that not only would PRD affect people's social beliefs (e.g. SJB) but also hinder self‐improvement motivations.

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“…Eventcontingent recording may require more cognitive effort on the part of the participant than responding to signals, particularly when the experience of interest is expected to occur with some regularity (41), and signal-contingent methods may provide less biased aggregated estimates of frequency (1). Other EMA studies have focused on a restricted range of comparison targets or dimensions, such as comparisons with romantic partners (42) or comparisons of appearance (14,43). Given both the repeated prompting to complete surveys and the unrestricted range of comparison dimensions in the present study, it is reasonable to expect detection of higher numbers of comparisons than in previous work.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-study approach to refining ecological momentary assessment measures for use among midlife women with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease

Mogle¹,

Brown²,

Gupta³

2021

mHealth

Self Cite

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Background: Ample evidence indicates that everyday perceptions of the social environment can affect health behaviors; these include social comparisons (i.e., self-evaluations compared to others) and positive versus negative social interactions. However, relations between social perceptions and healthy behaviors have received little attention among specific medical populations for whom an improved understanding of behavioral determinants could inform updates to tailored interventions. Research methods that capture and differentiate between stable, person-level differences and dynamic, within-person variability in these relations would be particularly useful, both for identifying their nature in daily life and informing improvements to tailored interventions. Methods: We conducted a series of three formative research studies to adapt and test the measures and instructions for an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol with midlife women who had elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD; e.g., current diagnosis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes). Study 1 involved a pilot test of initial EMA items, sent to participants' smartphones 5 times per day for 7 days (N=13; M Age =47, M BMI =33.7 kg/m 2 ), as well as brief exit interviews to identify points of confusion and suggestions for improvement. Study 2 used 1-hour, individual qualitative interviews with a new sample to elicit women's perceptions of revised items and identify additional opportunities for refinement (N=10, M Age =52, M BMI =29.8 kg/m 2 ). In Study 3, a new sample of participants completed 7 days of EMA with revised items and instructions (5 times per day; N=13, M Age =50, M BMI =33.4 kg/m 2 ).Results: Item performance in Study 3, including the frequencies of reporting social comparisons and interactions, was compared to that in Study 1 using multilevel modeling; these tests showed meaningful improvement in reporting patterns between Studies 1 and 3 (e.g., changes of d=0.33-0.75 where appropriate).Conclusions: Together, findings from this series of studies demonstrate the utility of a multi-study approach to refining EMA methods for use with midlife women who have elevated CVD risk, which may generalize to other populations of interest.

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An Ecological Momentary Assessment of Self-improvement and Self-evaluation Body Comparisons: Associations with College Women’s Body Dissatisfaction and Exercise

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Use of Electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Research in Young Adults: Systematic Review

Use of Electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Research in Young Adults: Systematic Review

Why are people ‘Lying Flat’? Personal relative deprivation suppresses self‐improvement motivation

A multi-study approach to refining ecological momentary assessment measures for use among midlife women with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease

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