“…Wells and Shafran (2005) conclude that, in many localities, the child welfare system has become a de facto substance abuse treatment system due to the large number of cases involving parental alcohol or drug abuse. Such families often face a combination of risk factors in conjunction with parental substance abuse, including maternal mental illness, exposure to violence, poverty, inadequate housing, and other environmental problems (Cash & Wilke, 2003;Nair, Schuler, Black, Kettinger, & Harrington, 2003;Singer et al, 2002). Creating a positive social support system may be a necessary factor for women who are coping with these types of stressful life conditions (Manji, Maiter, & Palmer, 2005).…”