Abstract:Vocal production learning (VPL) involves the use of auditory experience to guide the production of novel signals or to modify pre-existing signals. It allows animals to develop signals that are more complex and/or more flexible than innately developed signals. It has evolved rarely in vocal animals, widespread only in three avian and four mammalian taxa. The evolution of VPL was accompanied by innovations of the vocal motor neural circuitry. VPL is rare because of its various costs. Ecology, social spacing, an… Show more
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