An azoreductase, aerobic NADH-dependent flavoprotein discovered from Bacillus sp.: functional expression and enzymatic characterization

Ooi, Toshihiko; Shibata, Takeshi; Sato, Reiko; Ohno, Hiroaki; Kinoshita, Shinichi; Tran, Thuoc Linh; Taguchi, Seiichi

doi:10.1007/s00253-006-0836-1

Cited by 81 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The general mechanism for the azo dye degradation is through reduction of azo bond by azoreductase under anaerobic conditions [24]. However there are certain oxygeninsensitive or aerobic azoreductases that have been reported from aerobic microorganisms [25,26]. But notably in our study, no activity of azoreductase was observed, suggesting different mechanism of this azo dye reduction other than azoreductase.…”

Section: Decolorization Of Orange 16 At Various Physicochemical Condicontrasting

confidence: 55%

Microbial Decolorization and Degradation of Orange 16 Dye by a Newly Isolated Aeromonas Spp. Etl-1949

KA¹

2013

J Bioremed Biodeg

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A bacterial strain ETL-1949, identified as Aeromonas spp. was isolated from sediment from a textile wastewater treatment plant in Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. The strain could decolorize an azo dye, Orange 16 under the static condition after the shaking culture. In order to increase cell concentration by the shaking culture, the optimum culture condition was investigated for following the decolorization incubation. The dye was decolorized completely up to concentration of 750 mg/l for 50 hr under static condition by using 12 hr-cultured cells at optimal shaking culture condition. Effect of initial cell mass showed that higher cell mass concentration can accelerate decolorization process with maximum of 92% decolorization observed at 2.5 g/l cell mass within 6.5 h. Effect of various metal ions showed Mn & Mg has positive inducing effect whereas Zn strongly inhibited the decolorization process at 5 mM concentration. Analysis of biodegradation products carried out with UV-vis spectroscopy, HPTLC and FTIR confirmed the decolorization and degradation of Orange 16. Citation: Shah MP, Patel KA, Nair SS, Darji AM, Maharaul SJ (2013) Microbial Decolorization and Degradation of Orange 16 Dye by a Newly Isolated Aeromonas Spp. Etl-1949. J Bioremed Biodeg 4: 194. doi:10.4172/2155 Volume 4 following static incubation. So we employed a serial 2-step culture condition. After growing the bacterial cells in the medium aerobically with the low concentration of the dye, the cultured medium was shifted to the static condition with addition of the dye for the decolorization. A set of experiments has been carried out in batch culture to optimize the cell growth under aerobic condition. The effect of several culture conditions such as temperature, initial pH, and nutrient concentration of the medium were investigated. Journal of Bior emediation & Biodegradation Materials and Methods Measurement of dye and cell growthOrange 16 was obtained from local textile industry of Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. Concentration of Orange 16 in the medium was determined by measuring the absorbance at 492 nm corresponding γ max of this dye. Bacterial growth of the cultures was measured as OD at 600. Microorganism and culture conditionBacterial strain ETL-1949 used in this work was isolated from sediment of the wastewater treatment facilities of a textile industry in Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. The medium used for screening of bacteria with 0.02 g/l Orange 16 decolorizing potential contained 5 g/l glycerol, 4 g/l yeast extract, 0.5 g/l ammonium sulfate, 0.2 g/l MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 0.5 g/l K 2 HP O 4 , and 1.5 g/l K 2 HPO 4 . The initial pH was adjusted to 8.0. The strain was cultivated in a reciprocal shaker at 30°C. The culture conditions including the medium composition were varied to determine the optimum condition for the bacterial growth. Batch culture experiments under the aerobic condition were carried out in 500 ml conical flask, containing 100 ml medium inoculated with a loopful of I-day grown-cells from the slant. Flasks were shaken at 125 r...

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Section: Decolorization Of Orange 16 At Various Physicochemical Condicontrasting

confidence: 55%

Microbial Decolorization and Degradation of Orange 16 Dye by a Newly Isolated Aeromonas Spp. Etl-1949

KA¹

2013

J Bioremed Biodeg

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“…and Bacillus sp. (Ito et al 2006;Ooi et al 2007). However, the high level of dye resistance displayed by the strain was interesting, considering the other reported species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decolorization of textile dyes by Alishewanella sp. KMK6

Kolekar

Kodam

2011

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Alishewanella sp. strain KMK6 was isolated from textile dye-contaminated soil. The strain was able to decolorize and degrade different azo dyes and displayed high dye degradation ability and tolerance. The bacterium could completely degrade 2.5 g l(-1) dye, Reactive Blue 59 within 6 h. The induction in the level of cytochrome P-450 and activities of azoreductase and NADH-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase were observed in the cells after dye decolorization indicating the role of these enzymes. The intermediates of Reactive Blue 59 degradation were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ecotoxicity has been evaluated for dye and its metabolites by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (a yellow tetrazole) and comet assay, and it revealed that the dye degradation products were nontoxic.

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“…Azoreductases from Bacillus sp. (AzrA, AzrB, and AzrC) are stable up to 55, 50, and 70 °C, respectively (Ooi et al 2007(Ooi et al , 2009). The majority of azoreductases shows optimal activity at 35-40 °C.…”

Section: Optimal Ph Temperature and Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Azoreductase: a key player of xenobiotic metabolism

Misal

Gawai

2018

Bioresour. Bioprocess.

130

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Azoreductases are diverse flavoenzymes widely present among microorganisms and higher eukaryotes. They are mainly involved in the biotransformation and detoxification of azo dyes, nitro-aromatic, and azoic drugs. Reduction of azo bond and reductive activation of pro-drugs at initial level is a crucial stage in degradation and detoxification mechanisms. Using azoreductase-based microbial enzyme systems that are biologically accepted and ecofriendly demonstrated complete degradation of azo dyes. Azoreductases are flavin-containing or flavin-free group of enzymes, utilizing the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a reducing equivalent. Azoreductases from anaerobic microorganisms are highly oxygen sensitive, while azoreductases from aerobic microorganisms are usually oxygen insensitive. They have variable pH, temperature stability, and wide substrate specificity. Azo dyes, nitro-aromatic compounds, and quinones are the known substrates of azoreductase. The present review gives an overview of recent developments in the known azoreductase enzymes from different microorganisms, its novel classification scheme, significant characteristics, and their plausible degradation mechanisms.

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An azoreductase, aerobic NADH-dependent flavoprotein discovered from Bacillus sp.: functional expression and enzymatic characterization

Cited by 81 publications

References 23 publications

Microbial Decolorization and Degradation of Orange 16 Dye by a Newly Isolated Aeromonas Spp. Etl-1949

Microbial Decolorization and Degradation of Orange 16 Dye by a Newly Isolated Aeromonas Spp. Etl-1949

Decolorization of textile dyes by Alishewanella sp. KMK6

Azoreductase: a key player of xenobiotic metabolism

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