An Auditory Model of the Role of Short-Term Memory in Probe-Tone Ratings

Leman, Marc

doi:10.2307/40285830

Cited by 131 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Therefore, the activations of the inferior frontolateral cortex during altered music apparently do not merely reflect automatic change detection. However, note that relations between chords (as well as corresponding tonal hierarchies) are established based on mainly acoustical properties of musical signals such as pitch repetition and pitch similarity (20,58,59), and it is likely that the inferior frontolateral cortex is involved in establishing such relations (22). Also note that our results do not indicate that the infants had representations of musical scales or implicit knowledge of the key membership of tones.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Functional specializations for music processing in the human newborn brain

Perani

Saccuman

Scifo

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

291

175

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In adults, specific neural systems with right-hemispheric weighting are necessary to process pitch, melody, and harmony as well as structure and meaning emerging from musical sequences. It is not known to what extent the specialization of these systems results from longterm exposure to music or from neurobiological constraints. One way to address this question is to examine how these systems function at birth, when auditory experience is minimal. We used functional MRI to measure brain activity in 1-to 3-day-old newborns while they heard excerpts of Western tonal music and altered versions of the same excerpts. Altered versions either included changes of the tonal key or were permanently dissonant. Music evoked predominantly right-hemispheric activations in primary and higher order auditory cortex. During presentation of the altered excerpts, hemodynamic responses were significantly reduced in the right auditory cortex, and activations emerged in the left inferior frontal cortex and limbic structures. These results demonstrate that the infant brain shows a hemispheric specialization in processing music as early as the first postnatal hours. Results also indicate that the neural architecture underlying music processing in newborns is sensitive to changes in tonal key as well as to differences in consonance and dissonance.auditory cortex | functional MRI | neonates | emotion

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Functional specializations for music processing in the human newborn brain

Perani

Saccuman

Scifo

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

291

175

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“…As described earlier, Huron and Parncutt's (1993) modifications to the key-finding algorithm advocated the adoption of an exponential decay function, based on the rate of decay in echoic memory, as a means of sharpening the input vector. Even more dramatically, Leman's work on tone center perception through the use of selforganizing networks (Leman, 1995a(Leman, , 1995b(Leman, , 2000 shows that a memory model, working from echoic memory of pitch periodicity, may be sufficient to explain listeners' ratings in probe-tone-type situations. If true, such a notion questions the entire assumption of the role of long-term internalized tonal hierarchy information in musical listening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Tests of an Algorithm for Musical Key-Finding.

Schmuckler¹,

Tomovski²

2005

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Perceiving the tonality of a musical passage is a fundamental aspect of the experience of hearing music. Models for determining tonality have thus occupied a central place in music cognition research. Three experiments investigated 1 well-known model of tonal determination: the Krumhansl-Schmuckler key-finding algorithm. In Experiment 1, listeners' percepts of tonality following short musical fragments derived from preludes by Bach and Chopin were compared with predictions of tonality produced by the algorithm; these predictions were very accurate for the Bach preludes but considerably less so for the Chopin preludes. Experiment 2 explored a subset of the Chopin preludes, finding that the algorithm could predict tonal percepts on a measure-by-measure basis. In Experiment 3, the algorithm predicted listeners' percepts of tonal movement throughout a complete Chopin prelude. These studies support the viability of the Krumhansl-Schmuckler key-finding algorithm as well as a model of listeners' tonal perceptions of musical passages.

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“…We speculate that such cortical modulation could occur at an earlier stage in parallel with acoustic analysis of input sound in the auditory cortex, through the efferent influence of attention on the expeditious filtering of irrelevant/unattended (i.e., template) sounds at peripherals (Giard et al, 1994;2000). It should be noted that VI maj was not a physical oddball in a regular pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Their experimental paradigm is called the "probe-tone method", which has been widely used in the field of music psychology (Cuddy & Badertcher, 1987;Steinke et al, 1997;Leman, 2000). In this method, subjects judge the stability of chords that have been primed tonally and modally by preceding musical context such as diatonic scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromagnetic responses to chords are modified by preceding musical scale

Otsuka

Kuriki

Motomura

et al. 2008

Neuroscience Research

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Previous psychological studies have shown that musical chords primed by Western musical scale in a tonal and modal schema are perceived in a hierarchy of stability. We investigated such priming effects on auditory magnetic responses to tonic-major and submediant-minor chords preceded by major scales and tonic-minor and submediant-major chords preceded by minor scales. Musically trained subjects participated in the experiment. During MEG recordings, subjects judged perceptual stability of the chords. The tonic chords were judged to be stable, whereas the submediant chords were judged to be unstable. Dipole moments of N1m response originating in the auditory cortex were larger in the left hemisphere for the submediant chords than for the tonic chords preceded by the major but not minor scales. No difference in the N1m or P2m moment was found for the chords presented without preceding scales. These results suggest priming effects of the tonal schema, interacting with contextual modality, on neural activity of the auditory cortex as well as perceptual stability of the chords. It is inferred that modulation of the auditory cortical activity is associated with attention induced by tonal instability and modality shift, which characterize the submediant chords.

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An Auditory Model of the Role of Short-Term Memory in Probe-Tone Ratings

Cited by 131 publications

References 18 publications

Functional specializations for music processing in the human newborn brain

Functional specializations for music processing in the human newborn brain

Perceptual Tests of an Algorithm for Musical Key-Finding.

Neuromagnetic responses to chords are modified by preceding musical scale

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