“…Several studies using transcriptional profiling have identified early up-regulation of genes associated with inflammatory pathways in the retina and ONH in experimental models of glaucoma (Ahmed et al 2004;Johnson et al 2007Johnson et al , 2011Yang et al 2007;Kompass et al 2008;Nikolskaya et al 2009;Panagis et al 2010;Howell et al 2011aHowell et al , 2012. Collectively, these studies showed an up-regulation of inflammatory inducers/sensors (PRRs, e.g., TLRs), transducers (e.g., Mapk, Trif, MyD88) and amplifiers (e.g., Il1, Il6, Tnf, Ccl2) in human glaucoma Yang et al 2011;Tezel et al 2012) and in early stages of experimental glaucoma (Howell et al 2011a;Johnson et al 2011). In our study using DBA/2J mice, an inherited model of glaucoma, we were able to define early molecular changes that occur before detectable loss of RGCs and axons (Howell et al 2011a).…”