An association between air pollution and daily most frequently visits of eighteen outpatient diseases in an industrial city

Abstract

Toxic effects of air pollutants were individually identified in various organs of the body. However, the concurrent occurrences and the connection of diseases in multiple organs arise from air pollution has not been concurrently studied before. Here we hypothesize that there exist connected health effects arise from air pollution when diseases in various organs were considered together. We used medical data from hospital outpatient visits for various organs in the body with a disease-air pollution model that represents each of the diseases as a function of the environmental factors. Our results show that elevated air pollution risks (above 40%) concurrently occurred in diseases of spondylosis, cerebrovascular, pneumonia, accidents, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), influenza, osteoarthritis (OA), asthma, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), cancer, heart, hypertensive, diabetes, kidney, and rheumatism. Air pollutants that were associated with elevated health risks are particular matters with diameters equal or less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), particular matters with diameters equal or less than 10 μm (PM 10 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NO). Concurrent occurrences of diseases in various organs indicate that the immune system tries to connectively defend the body from persistent and rising air pollution.matter present in frontal and temporal lobes and corpus callosum 5 . Combustion-derived iron-rich magnetite nanoparticles from airborne particulate matter pollution were found in the human brain 13 , showing that air pollution particles were directly transported and deposited in the human brain. Mice exposed to elevated levels of NO 2 (2.5-5.0 mg/m 3 ) were found to show the deterioration of spatial learning and memory, aggravated amyloid β 42 accumulation, promoted pathological abnormalities, and cognitive defects related to Alzheimer's disease 14 . Humans exposed to NO 2 and PM 2.5 were positively correlated with the incidence of dementia in London, England 15 . Toxins accompanying air pollutants into the body exert chronic activation of microglia, leading to direct neuronal damage and neuronal death in the central nervous system 16 Delicate communication exists between the brain and the immune system 17,18 , and evidence that connects health and emotions through neural activity in the brain 19 . These pathophysiological findings reveal that air pollutants affected the central nervous system, leading to the decline of brain function 20 and fatal diseases 18 .Pathophysiological evidence convincingly showed pathways of various diseases arose from air pollution 21 . Hence, more diseases associated with air pollution remained to be discovered in the population 22 . Kampa and Castanas 23 and Jay 24 showed that diseases associated with air pollution were found in various parts of human organs: cardiovascular and circulatory system, digestive and excretory system, endocrine system, integumentary and exocrine system, lymphatic and immune system, muscular and skeletal s...

The Condition of Air Pollution in Kraków, Poland, in 2005–2020, with Health Risk Assessment

“…Air pollution is nowadays considered to be one of the most important factors affecting human health. Poor air quality causes damages in the respiratory tract and cardiovascular systems [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], as well as an increase of premature death rates in populations [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Specific attention was lately paid to particulate matter (PM).…”

PM2.5 facilitates IL‐6 production in human osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts via ASK1 activation

“…Previous research has documented increased IL-6 concentrations in sera and synovial fluid from OA patients (Pratama, Suyasa, Astawa, & Lestari, 2019). Moreover, inhalation of air pollutants leads to oxidative damage and inflammation, and cytotoxic responses in the body, including cellular IL-6 production (Chau & Wang, 2020). Critically, PM2.5 particulates are associated with increased health risks for various diseases or disorders such as diabetes, cancer, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatism, including OA (Chau & Wang, 2020).…”

“…Moreover, inhalation of air pollutants leads to oxidative damage and inflammation, and cytotoxic responses in the body, including cellular IL-6 production (Chau & Wang, 2020). Critically, PM2.5 particulates are associated with increased health risks for various diseases or disorders such as diabetes, cancer, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatism, including OA (Chau & Wang, 2020). The existing literature has not previously documented any direct link between PM2.5 and OA disease.…”

Ageing, Social Distancing, and COVID-19 Risk: Who is more Vulnerable?

“…This is especially true for elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions like diabetes as they are reportedly at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 complications (Guan et al, 2020;Verity et al, 2020). Based on reports of non-communicable and communicable diseases, it is possible that COVID-19 vulnerability includes adverse childhood and lifetime experiences (Danese and McEwen, 2012), heritable epigenetic markers linked to ancestral stress (Ambeskovic et al, 2019;Faraji et al, 2017b;Yao et al, 2014), environmental pollution (Chau and Wang, 2020;Hoyt et al, 2020), poor diet (Mozaffarian et al, 2019), and poor social support (Ge et al, 2017;Malcolm et al, 2019;Menec et al, 2020). Each of these factors may be considered a stressor, or a "hit", with potentially cumulative impacts (Daskalakis et al, 2013;Verstraeten et al, 2019b) on COVID-19 vulnerability and complication.…”