“…Given the centrality of technological innovations in supporting polycentric energy governance efforts related to climate change, water and wastewater management, mobility, economic competitiveness, and a range of other material flows, it is not surprising that cities are expending considerable capital in developing evolutionary business models for explaining innovation, consumer acceptance, and multi-level energy frameworks to better understand socio-technical regimes of Agbemabiese et al 2018, Nyangon et al (2017b, and Nyangon (2014) transitions and the momentum for renewable energy innovations such as solar PV, wind, and bio-energy. In recent times, cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Tokyo have adopted smart energy roadmaps, including energy storage, demand response, and smart measurement and reporting, to accelerate their transformation toward clean energy economies.…”