An Assessment of Gypsy Moth
1
Natural Enemies in Pennsylvania
2

Smilowltz, Zane; Rhoads, Larry D.

doi:10.1093/ee/2.5.797

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasite of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was introduced into North America in 1908 (Crossman 1925). Since then it has spread, with the help of man, throughout all but the northernmost areas of gypsy moth infestation in North America (Dowden 1962;Smilowitz and Rhoads 1973;Griffiths and Sullivan 1978). The parasite has been a consistently high mortality factor in gypsy moth population dynamics, generally averaging 2 W 0 % egg parasitism (Bess 1961;Campbell 1969).…”

Section: Resumementioning

confidence: 99%

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OFOOENCYRTUS KUVANAE(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), AN EGG PARASITE OFLYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

Brown

Cameron

1982

Can Entomol

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The spatial distribution of adultOoencyrtus kuvanae(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was examined in central Pennsylvania during 1978–1980. Data were gathered over a wide range of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) densities and from all phases of population growth. There was a linear relationship between the log variance and log mean, fitting Taylor's Power Law with a power of 1.27. The degree of aggregation inO. kuvanaepopulations, as measured by the variance-to-mean ratio, was correlated positively with the abundance of the parasite, and was independent of host density. Aggregation was believed to result from the habit of the female parasite ovipositing repeatedly on the same egg mass, and the resultant progeny emerging synchronously. Behavior and density ofO. kuvanaepopulations were found to depend upon the gypsy moth population condition, i.e., low, rising, high stable, outbreak, or collapsed. The frequency distribution ofO. kuvanaepopulations fit the Poisson at densities less than 0.2 parasite adult per egg mass, a condition which occurred early and late (July, November) in the season, and the negative binomial above this density; a few distributions fit the log normal. The data were also analyzed using analyses of variance (multivariate and univariate), correlation, and regression techniques. All main effects, i.e., study area, host egg mass volume, egg mass height from the ground (within the 0–2 m sampling universe), aspect of the egg mass on the tree, and tree species, were important in explaining the variance in parasite abundance; study area differences were the most important. The effects of aspect and tree species were explained on the basis of small sample sizes, and not studied further. There was a positive correlation between host egg mass volume (= size) and parasite abundance. There was also a positive correlation between the height of the egg mass and parasite abundance during the summer; however, this relationship became negative by late fall. This seasonal change in vertical distribution was attributed to the tendency ofO. kuvanaeto be closer to the ground where they overwinter. Variation in adult abundance was generally greater among gypsy moth egg masses on different trees than among egg masses on the same tree, except at low parasite densities. This was attributed to the parasites searching for egg masses on one tree before dispersing to another.

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Section: Resumementioning

confidence: 99%

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OFOOENCYRTUS KUVANAE(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), AN EGG PARASITE OFLYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

Brown

Cameron

1982

Can Entomol

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“…In 1969-1971 it was released and subsequently recovered in Pennsylvania (Smilowitz & Rhoads, 1973). Releases of 75,956,800 O. kuvanae were made in New Jersey between 1967and 1971 (N. J. Dep.…”

Section: Distribution and Introductionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature review ofOoencyrtus kuvanae [Hym.: Encyrtidae], an egg parasite ofLymantria dispar [Lep: Lymantriidae]

Brown

1984

Entomophaga

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Literature on Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) from throughout the world is reviewed. References from Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, and North America, covering the years 1900-1983, are included. The information is divided into the following subject areas : taxonomy, host range, distribution and introductions, biology and life history, host suitability, behavior and spatial distribution, effectiveness, and population dynamics. Suggestions for future research are presented.The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), is a serious pest of oak forests throughout much of the world (Leonard, 1981). One approach man has used to attempt to control this pest has been the transportation of biological control agents from one geographical region to another. While this has not resulted in total control, it has mitigated problems to some extent by creating a more stable gypsy moth population, especially in North America. One biological control agent that has adapted to several different environments, and has been one of the most abundant, is the egg parasite, Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard). Much basic and applied research has been conducted on this species throughout the world. Although there are some important aspects of this species biology that have not been studied, we know more about O. kuvanae than most other parasites, not only of the gypsy moth but of other host species as well. Because of all that is known about it, and the ease with which it can be reared, O. kuvanae is a good subject for further work on parasite-host interactions and parasite behavior. This paper presents a comprehensive review and integration of all published information about O. kuvanae along with a few previously unpublished observations. The information is assembled under the subject matter headings : taxonomy, host range, distribution and introductions, biology and life history, host suitability, behavior and spatial distribution, effectiveness, and population dynamics. I conclude by suggesting areas of research that would fill gaps in our knowledge. The original literature is scattered among many journals, appears in various languages, and is often difficult to obtain. This synthesis provides summary information of value to many who are interested in O. kuvanae, either as a natural enemy of the gypsy moth or as alaboratory animal. TAXONOMYOoencyrtus kuvanae, based on specimens from Japan, was described by L. O. Howard (1910) as the type species of the genus Schedius. The specific epithet was given in honor of SJ. Kuwana, Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Nigahara, Japan, who sent specimens to the United States. According to Timberlake (1923), Mereet (1921) synonymized the genus Schedius under the genus Ooencyrtus. Ashmead (1900) had separated the genus Ooencyrtus from the genus Encyrtus on the basis of the stage of the host being attacked ; Ooencyrtus attacks eggs whereas Encyrtus attacks any other stage. Ferri~re (1931) considered Schedius to be a subgenus of Ooencyrtus, but this has not been accepted (Gordh 1979). Muesebeck et al. (1951) used "...

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“…Since then, millions of O. kuvanae have been reared and released throughout the areas infested by gypsy moths in North America [25]. The release and subsequent recovery of O. kuvanae in Pennsylvania occurred between 1969 and 1971 [26]. In 2016, O. kuvanae was confirmed as an egg parasitoid of L. delicatula based on genetic and morphological features of adults collected from the field as well as reared out of host eggs in the laboratory [27].…”

Section: ;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Seasonal Abundance, and Superparasitism of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as an Egg Parasitoid of the Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) in North America

Liu

2019

Forests

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The occurrence of egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on its new host, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)), was surveyed at 4 study plots in 2016 and 10 additional plots in 2017 in Pennsylvania through field collection and laboratory incubation. O. kuvanae adults were found on L. delicatula egg mass surfaces at two plots (ODSouth and Lutz) in 2016, but at none in 2017. The results of laboratory incubation showed that O. kuvanae adults were only recovered from host eggs collected at plot ODSouth in 2016, with adults emerging between 22 April and 2 May 2016 at 22 ± 1 °C, 40% ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a 16:8 h photoperiod (light/dark). The overall parasitism at this study plot was 6.0% by egg mass and 1.2% by egg. Two oviposition sites contained parasitized L. delicatula eggs, with 12.3% (9.5–15.0%) host egg masses and 3.1% (1.3–5.0%) host eggs utilized by the parasitoid. O. kuvanae parasitism by egg was significantly higher on oviposition site ODSouth #7 than on ODSouth #8. No O. kuvanae adults were reared out of field-collected host eggs from the 10 plots in 2017. Seasonal abundance and superparasitism of O. kuvanae was examined at plot ODSouth in 2017. O. kuvanae-parasitized L. delicatula eggs were found on all four oviposition sites based on field monitoring of parasitoid adult emergence, resulting in a parasitism of 35.4% (18.8–55.6%) by egg mass and 2.2% (0.5–3.9%) by egg. No significant difference in parasitism by egg was observed among oviposition sites. O. kuvanae adults emerged in the field between 2 May and 1 June 2017. Superparasitism was confirmed for O. kuvanae on L. delicatula eggs based on parasitoid production (1.0–3.3 adults/parasitized egg) and adult exit holes (1–3 exit holes/parasitized egg). As the first parasitoid recorded from L. delicatula in North America, O. kuvanae has the potential to become an important biological control agent for L. delicatula in North America, with its well-synchronized life history in the spring, century-long field establishment, superparasitism, and female-biased progeny population. L. delicatula complements the gypsy moth well as an alternative host for O. kuvanae in the field.

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An Assessment of Gypsy Moth 1 Natural Enemies in Pennsylvania 2

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OFOOENCYRTUS KUVANAE(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), AN EGG PARASITE OFLYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OFOOENCYRTUS KUVANAE(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), AN EGG PARASITE OFLYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

Literature review ofOoencyrtus kuvanae [Hym.: Encyrtidae], an egg parasite ofLymantria dispar [Lep: Lymantriidae]

Occurrence, Seasonal Abundance, and Superparasitism of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as an Egg Parasitoid of the Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) in North America

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