An assessment of future energy use and carbon emissions from US residences

Koomey, Jonathan; Johnson, Francis X.; McMahon, James E.; Orland, M.C.; Levine, '; Chan, Peter; Krause, F.

doi:10.2172/10129170

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…We disaggregated this forecast into 4 different combinations of house vintages, appliance vintages, and fixture/fitting vintages. We use exponential retirement rates from Koomey et al (1993) as stated in the Table to estimate for any year the remaining stock of houses associated with each combination of equipment vintages. (1) Baseline household forecast from US DOE (1994).…”

Section: Forecasting Methodology and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(4) Appliances retire faster than fittings and fixtures, so we assume for simplicity that there are no homes with new faucets/SHs and old appliances. (5) Home retirement rates taken from Koomey et al (1993) are 0.77%, averaged over all house types.…”

Section: Forecasted Number Of Householdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several other widely used forecasts of water heater energy use to which the estimates developed here could be compared (Geller and Nadel 1992, Koomey et al 1993, US DOE 1994. We have not undertaken this comparison for the sake of brevity, but any further work using this framework should do so.…”

Section: Comparison To Other Forecastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of efficiency standards on water use and water-heating energy use in the U.S.: A detailed end-use treatment

Koomey

Dunham

Lutz

1995

Energy

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SYNOPSISThis paper analyzes US residential water use and water heater energy use. It also investigates water and energy savings associated with existing equipment efficiency standards.Keywords: Residential codes and standards, Water heating, Water conservation, Forecasting, Program design ABSTRACTWater heating is an important end-use, accounting for roughly 16% of total primary energy consumption in the US residential sector. Recently enacted efficiency standards on water heaters and hot water-using equipment (e.g., dishwashers, clothes washers, showerheads, and faucets) will substantially affect the energy use of water heaters in the future. Assessment of current and future utility programs and government policies requires that regulators, resource planners, and forecasters understand the effects of these regulations.In order to quantify these impacts, this paper presents a detailed end-use breakdown of household hot and cold water use developed for the US Department of Energy. This breakdown is based on both previous studies and new data and analysis. It is implemented in a spreadsheet forecasting framework, which allows significant flexibility in specifying end-use demands and linkages between water heaters and hot water-using appliances.We disaggregate total hot and cold water use (gallons per day) into their component parts: showers, baths, faucets (flow dominated and volume dominated), toilets, landscaping/other, dishwashers, and clotheswashers. We then use the end-use breakdown and data on equipment characteristics to assess the impacts of current efficiency standards on hot water use and water heater energy consumption.

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Section: Forecasting Methodology and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forecasted Number Of Householdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of efficiency standards on water use and water-heating energy use in the U.S.: A detailed end-use treatment

Koomey

Dunham

Lutz

1995

Energy

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“…While out-of-state-generated electricity consumed in California may be produced using a higher percentage mix of carbon producing fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas) than in-state electricity generation, we are assuming the 23% value for this analysis. Based on Koomey's 1993 emission efficiency data (Koomey 1993), the 1993 California generating fuel mix produces 0.15 kg of carbon per kWh of site electricity consumption. With improvements in generation and emission technologies, the California value could be as low as 0.10 kg/kWh.…”

Section: Environmental Impact -Carbon Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Benefits of Commissioning California Homes

Matson¹,

Wray²,

Walker³

et al. 2002

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The electricity savings in the commissioning phase range from 7 to 11% (typical) and 55 to 71% (poor). In the opportunity phase, adding equipment with a TXV and an ECM increases savings only slightly (one to seven percentage points more). Natural Gas. Natural gas savings in the commissioning phase are about 25% for the typical cases and from 18 to 35% for the poor cases. In the opportunity phase, installing a higher efficiency furnace (90% instead of 80%) increases natural gas savings slightly to about 30% for the typical cases and from 22 to 41% for the poor cases. Operating Costs. Operating cost savings in the commissioning phase range from 12 to 17% (typical) and from 50 to 62% (poor). In the opportunity phase, installing the HVAC equipment with a TXV, an ECM, and higher furnace efficiency increases the operating cost savings to 17 to 22% (typical) and from 51 to 63% (poor). Advanced Houses Because the advanced houses are already engineered and designed to be energy efficient, relative savings for the typical cases are lower than those for the typical existing and new houses. For the advanced houses, the primary difference between the typical and the poor cases is the incorrect installation of clear glazing in place of low-e glazing. Correcting LBNL-48258 vii this problem in the poor cases drives the energy consumption and savings closer to the levels seen with the new houses. Electricity. The commissioning phase electricity saving range from 7 to 10% (typical) and from 52 to 73% (poor). Natural Gas. Natural gas savings range from 2 to 3% for the typical cases. Due to a reduction in solar gains when the incorrect clear double-pane windows are replaced with low-e double-pane windows, the poor advanced commissioning cases have higher gas consumption, resulting in negative gas savings, from-19 to-10%.

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“…This characteristic is typical of energy-intensive 20,1990. Data on the carbonintensity of electricity supply are from the NES excursion scenario (Koomey et al 1992).…”

Section: Current Trends In M Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Case studies of the potential effects of carbon taxation on the stone, clay, and glass industry

Bock¹,

Boyd

Rosenbaum

et al. 1992

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This case study focuses on the potential for a carbon tax ($25 and $100 per metric ton of carbon) to reduce energy use and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in three subsectors of the stone, clay, and glass industry: hydraulic cement, glass and glass products, and other products. A conservation supply curve analysis found _at (1)opportunities for reducing fossil fuel use in the subsectors are limited (15% reduction under $100 tax) and (2)the relationship between the tax and reduced CO2 emissions is nonlinear and diminishing. Because cement manufacturing produces a significant amount of CO2, this subsector was analyzed. A plantlevel analysis found more opportunities to mitigate CO2 emissions; under a $100 tax, fossil fuel use would decrease 52%. (A conservative estimate lies between 15% and 52%). It also confirmed the nonlinear relationship, suggesting significant benefits could result from small taxes (32% reduction under $25 tax). A fuel share analysis found the cement industry could reduce carbon loading 11%under a $100 tax if gas were substituted for coal. Under a $100 tax, cement demand would decrease 17% and its price would increase 32%, a substantial increase for a material commodity. Overall, CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing would decrease 24-33% under a $100 tax and 10-18% under a $25 tax. Much of the decrease would result from the reduced demand for cement. SUMMARY Thiscasestudyfocuses on the potential fora carbontax toreduceenergyuse and associated carbondioxide (CO2)emissions inthreedisaggregated subsectors ofthestone, clay, and glass industry (standard industrial classification [SIC]code32):hydraulic cement,glass and glassproducts, and otherSIC 32 products. Two levels ofcarbontaxareanalyzed:$25 and $100 per metrictonofcarbonemitted. In the first pm_ of the case study, a conservation supply curve (CSC) mmlysis was performed. This analysis found that the opportunities for reducing energy use in all three subsectors are similar and limited. A 15% reduction in fossil fuel use would occur under a $100 tax. The analysis also found that the relationship between the carbon tax and the • Cement demand would decrease 17%, and its price would increase 32% under a $100 tax. This increase in price is substantial for a material commodity. Overall, CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing would decrease 24-33% under a $100 tax and 10-18% under a $25 tax. Ranges are given because the aggregate CSC and plant-level estimates differed. In both cases, much of the decrease in emissions would be a result of the reduced demand for cement because of an increase in price. .I This study ass,_._ssesthe impact of carbon taxes on reducing energy demand and associated CO 2 emissions in the stone, clay, and glass industry (standard industrial classification [SIC] 32). Carbon taxes are the most widely studied policy instrument for reducing CO2 emissions (

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An assessment of future energy use and carbon emissions from US residences

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

The effect of efficiency standards on water use and water-heating energy use in the U.S.: A detailed end-use treatment

The effect of efficiency standards on water use and water-heating energy use in the U.S.: A detailed end-use treatment

Potential Benefits of Commissioning California Homes

Case studies of the potential effects of carbon taxation on the stone, clay, and glass industry

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