An assessment of antimicrobial consumption in food producing animals in Kenya

Abstract

Antimicrobial agents are useful for control of bacterial infections in food animals and man. Their prudent use in these animals is important to control any possible development and transfer of resistance between animals and man. The objective of this study was to generate quantitative information to evaluate antimicrobial usage patterns by animal species, route of administration, antimicrobial class and type of use from 1995 to 1999 in Kenya. Theses data are essential for risk analysis and planning and can be helpful in interpreting resistance surveillance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of prudent use efforts and antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies. Data on quantities of active substance classes were collected from the official records of the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of the Ministry of Health and analysed in MS Excel 2000 program. The mean antimicrobial consumption for the 5-year period was 14 594 +/- 1457 kg per year. This was distributed in the various antimicrobial classes as follows: 7975 kg (54.65%) of tetracyclines, 3103.96 kg (21.27%) of sulfonamides and 954.5 kg (6.56%) of aminoglycosides, 905 kg (6.20%) of beta-lactams, 94 kg (0.64%) of quinolones, 35 kg (0.24%) of macrolides and 24 kg (0.16%) of others (tiamulin). Mean consumption per year among the various food animals was: 10 989 +/- 357 kg in large animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and goats), 2906 +/- 127 kg in poultry alone and 699 +/- 427 kg in both large animals and poultry. These quantities represented 56.56% (8255 kg) consumption per year for parenteral use, 41.79% (6098 kg) for oral use and 1.65% (241 kg) for topical use (intramammary and eye ointments) in cattle. With respect to intended use in food producing animals, the mean consumption per year was: 13 178 kg (90.30%) for therapeutic use (ST), 4 kg (0.03%) for prophylactic treatment (PT) and 1411 +/- 246 kg (9.67%) was used both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (GPT). The study confirmed that antimicrobials are not used for growth promotion in Kenya. There was no specific trend in the quantities of active antimicrobial classes. This study has revealed that the tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, nitrofurans aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and the quinolones are the most commonly used drugs in food-producing animals in Kenya. Tetracyclines contributed approximately 55% of the total consumption, and there was an increasing trend in the consumption of quinolones from 1998.

Assessment of sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotic residue contaminants in rural and peri urban dairy value chains in Kenya

“…A study by Ahlberg et al (2016) recorded sulphonamides at 0.4% and tetracyclines at 2.5%. Mitema et al (2001) recorded sulphonamids at 24% and tetracyclines at 61%.…”

“…The most common sulphonamides are sulfadiazine, sulphadimidine sulfamethoxazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulphasalazine, sulfisoxazole and silver sulfadiazine, which have the sulfonamide as the base structure (Chung et al, 2009). In countries like Kenya, the prevalence of tetracycline's was recorded to be highest at 55%, followed by sulfonamides at 21% and beta lactams at 6% (Mitema et al 2001;Shitandi and Sternesjö 2004). According to Aboge et al (2000), the most common antibiotics used in the treatment of livestock were beta lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides.…”

Escherichia coli from Nigeria exhibit a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance where reliance on antibiotics in poultry production is a potential contributing factor

“…These practices, which appear to be common among developing countries (Mitema et al, 2001;Kabir et al, 2004), contribute to both selection for antibiotic resistance and probably introduce antibiotic residues into local food products (Riviere and Spoo, 1995). The most widely used antibiotic reported by poultry farmers was a tetracycline compound, which is consistent with other studies in developing countries (Al-Ghamdi et al, 2000;Nonga et al, 2010).…”

Antibiotics usage in food-producing animals in South Africa and impact on human: Antibiotic resistance

“…Fax: +27867295393. (Mitema et al, 2001;Byarugaba et al, 2011). Reports point that the international travel and trade in animals and animal products increase the risks of antibiotic resistance world-wide (Acar and Röstel, 2001;Mellon et al, 2001;EC, 2011;Byarugaba et al, 2011;WHO, 2012).…”