An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy.

Patterson, Miles L.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.83.3.235

Cited by 271 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…According to the arousal model of intimacy, increases in relationship closeness are reflected through changes in arousal (Patterson, 1976). Since touching a robot does in fact create changes in arousal, this work provides physiological evidence that the act of touching a robot in a low accessible region is an act of closeness even though the target of the touching is a robot rather than a person.…”

Section: Implications For Theorymentioning

confidence: 76%

Touching a Mechanical Body: Tactile Contact With Body Parts of a Humanoid Robot Is Physiologically Arousing

Reeves

2017

Journal of Human-Robot Interaction

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A large literature describes the use of robots' physical bodies to support communication with people. Touch is a natural channel for physical interaction, yet it is not understood how principles of interpersonal touch might carry over to a robot. Exploring how interpersonal rules surrounding body accessibility and touch apply to a robot is critical toward understanding the extent to which people treat the act of touching body regions as a sign of closeness-even if the body belongs to a robotand is important to the field of humanoid social robotics. Thirty-one students participated in an interactive anatomy lesson with a small, humanoid robot. Participants either touched or pointed to an anatomical region of the robot in each of 26 trials while their skin conductance response was measured. Touching less accessible regions of a robot's body (e.g., its buttocks and genitals) was more physiologically arousing than touching more accessible regions (e.g., its hands and feet). No differences in physiological arousal were found when just pointing to those same anatomical regions. A social robot elicited tactile responses in human physiology, a result that signals people treat touching body parts as an act of closeness in itself that does not require a human recipient. The power of touching a humanoid body with identifiable body parts should caution mechanical and interaction designers about the positive and negative effects of human-robot interaction.

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Section: Implications For Theorymentioning

confidence: 76%

Touching a Mechanical Body: Tactile Contact With Body Parts of a Humanoid Robot Is Physiologically Arousing

Reeves

2017

Journal of Human-Robot Interaction

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“…Sometimes observers also monitored more subtle behavioral adjustments such as leaning or turning away from the confederate in attempting to compensate for the close presence of the intruder (Patterson et al, 1971). These intrusion studies provided some of the early data on the role of nonverbal behavior in managing the dynamic flow of interactions (Patterson, 1976). The particular adjustments that people make are also moderated by culture (Hall, 1966) and gender (Fisher & Byrne, 1975).…”

Section: Field Experiments In Shared Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

Back to Social Behavior: Mining the Mundane

Patterson

2008

Basic and Applied Social Psychology

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This article examines the declining attention to behavioral research in personality and social psychology and proposes an alternative to the typical laboratory paradigm for studying social behavior. Specifically, the study of ''unfocused interactions,'' that is, situations where people simply share a common presence without talking to one another (Goffman, 1963), provides an opportunity for analyzing mundane behavior in everyday microinteractions. Because unfocused interactions are ubiquitous, may serve to prime subsequent behavior, and are likely to reflect implicit attitudes and judgments, they are well suited for studying the practical link between social cognition and everyday social behavior. Examples of research on unfocused interactions are described, and their utility in studying interpersonal processes is discussed.Over the last few decades, the social cognition perspective has been dominant in social psychology. During this time, interpersonal processes have been studied primarily through a cognitive lens. Thus, most social psychological research focuses on people's judgments of others; self-reports of attitudes, thoughts, and feelings; and evaluations of hypothetical situations or scenarios. Of course, the study of the cognitive processes involved in the judgment of the self and others is important in and of itself. Nevertheless, one might also argue that the ultimate utility of such research is the understanding of social behavior. In fact, this was recognized over a century ago in William James's (1983=1890) observation that ''thinking is for doing '' (pp. 959-960). In more recent years, there was also a renewed appreciation of the pragmatic nature of social judgments. That is, social cognitions and judgments are goal directed and adaptive in shaping subsequent behavior (Bargh, 1997;Fiske, 1992;Swann, 1984). Consistent with this view, the ecological theory of social perception stressed the behavioral utility present in making affordance judgments of others (McArthur & Baron, 1983;Zebrowitz & Collins, 1997). That is, our most basic social judgments are adaptive in focusing on how we can effectively relate to others.In spite of the widespread recognition of the behavioral relevance of social judgments, the vast majority of research in social psychology measures only social cognitions and judgments and not social behavior. Years ago, in describing their paradigm for studying interactive behavior, Ickes, Bissonnette, Garcia, and Stinson (1990) lamented the dominance of pencil marks on self-report measures as the ''behavior'' of choice in most published research. Since that time, we can probably add computer keystrokes to the list of preferred measures. More recently, Hebl and Dovidio (2005) criticized the minimal investment in behavioral studies of social stigma. In a similar fashion, Furr and Funder (2007) noted that there is little research in personality psychology examining how personality characteristics affect actual social behavior.In this article, I take a closer look at the declining interest i...

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“…One difficulty has been the absence of a simple means by which the fATV participants can engage in mutual gaze or "eye contact" (Argyle & Dean, 1965;Patterson, 1976). With conventional IATV systems , users direct their gaze toward the television monitors to receive visual information about each other.…”

Section: University Ofmiami Coral Gables Florida 33124mentioning

confidence: 99%

A device that provides an eye-to-eye video perspective for interactive television

Wellens

1978

Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

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A device that allows individuals to engage in eye contact while interacting over two-way television is described. The apparatus consists of a television monitor and low light-level television camera housed within a cabinet containing a mirror system that resembles a combination beam splitter and periscope. Through the mirror system, the pick-up camera captures a reflected full-face eye-level image of the television viewer as he or she attends to the display monitor. The device is particularly useful for studying the nonverbal communication patterns of individuals engaged in social interaction. kind of eye-to-eye contact experienced in direct faceto-face encounters.The apparatus described here eliminates this problem by using a series of mirrors to supply each television camera with a visual perspective that is directly in line with the user's direction of gaze while oriented toward the television monitor. The components used at each communication terminal are shown in Figure 1. A piece of lightly silvered ("one-way") glass is placed directly in front of a television monitor at a 45-deg angle with respect to the user's line of sight. A cabinet, painted with light absorbing pigment and constructed around the silvered glass, allows the user to view the monitor through the glass while his/her image is reflected to a second reflective surface . The second surface Interactive or two-way television systems make "face-to-face" communication between individuals located outside of each other's physical presence possible by providing electronically mediated representations of each person's voice and visual presence. Conventional interactive television (fATV) systems generate and display video signals at communication terminals consisting of a television camera mounted on top of, below, or beside a television monitor. The video image received by the television monitor at one terminal is sent by the television camera located at the other terminal. Voice communication is accomplished by way of a "hands-free" intercom or telephone desk sets.

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An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy.

Cited by 271 publications

References 42 publications

Touching a Mechanical Body: Tactile Contact With Body Parts of a Humanoid Robot Is Physiologically Arousing

Touching a Mechanical Body: Tactile Contact With Body Parts of a Humanoid Robot Is Physiologically Arousing

Back to Social Behavior: Mining the Mundane

A device that provides an eye-to-eye video perspective for interactive television

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