An aquarium hobbyist poisoning: Identification of new palytoxins in Palythoa cf. toxica and complete detoxification of the aquarium water by activated carbon

Tartaglione, Luciana; Pelin, Marco; Morpurgo, Massimo; Montenegro, Javier; Sacco, Giuseppe; Sosa, Silvio; Reimer, James Davis; Ciminiello, Patrizia; Tubaro, Aurelia

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.012

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Ten years later, the chemical structure of PLTX isolated from this coral was reported [ 1 ]. Later, PLTX and a series of its analogues were also identified in other Zoantharia belonging to the genera Palythoa [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] and Zoanthus [ 8 ], in benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], and in cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium [ 16 ]. Only a few of these analogues have been studied from a biological and chemical point of view, including (i) 42-hydroxy-PLTX (42 S -OH-50 S -PLTX), isolated from P. toxica [ 2 , 17 ], and its stereoisomer (42 S -OH-50 R -PLTX), isolated from P. tuberculosa [ 3 ]; (ii) ostreocin-D (OST-D) and its analogues, produced by Ostreopsis siamensis [ 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]; and (iii) ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a), the most abundant PLTX analogue, produced by Ostreopsis cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Sensitive Cell-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for Palytoxin Quantitation in Mussels

Pelin

Sosa

Brovedani

et al. 2018

Toxins

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The marine algal toxin palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues are some of the most toxic marine compounds. Their accumulation in edible marine organisms and entrance into the food chain represent their main concerns for human health. Indeed, several fatal human poisonings attributed to these compounds have been recorded in tropical and subtropical areas. Due to the increasing occurrence of PLTX in temperate areas such as the Mediterranean Sea, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has suggested a maximum limit of 30 µg PLTX/kg in shellfish meat, and has recommended the development of rapid, specific, and sensitive methods for detection and quantitation of PLTX in seafood. Thus, a novel, sensitive cell-based ELISA was developed and characterized for PLTX quantitation in mussels. The estimated limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 1.2 × 10−11 M (32.2 pg/mL) and 2.8 × 10−11 M (75.0 pg/mL), respectively, with good accuracy (bias = 2.5%) and repeatability (15% and 9% interday and intraday relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSDr), respectively). Minimal interference of 80% aqueous methanol extract allows PLTX quantitation in mussels at concentrations lower than the maximum limit suggested by EFSA, with an LOQ of 9.1 µg PLTX equivalent/kg mussel meat. Given its high sensitivity and specificity, the cell-based ELISA should be considered a suitable method for PLTX quantitation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Sensitive Cell-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for Palytoxin Quantitation in Mussels

Pelin

Sosa

Brovedani

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…3,8,22,23 To our knowledge, there are fourteen published reports of inhalational PTX exposure comprising forty-four cases. 3,9,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] This represents the most reported exposure route in the literature. Of these, nearly all are associated with inhalation of steam or vapor after attempting to clean or remove zoanthid or palythoa from home aquariums with the use of hot or boiling water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cases occur worldwide, but the majority of reported cases have occurred in the United States. The presenting symptoms are most commonly dyspnea, 3,9,22,24,25,27,28,[30][31][32] chest pain, 3,22,27 cough, 24,25,27,28,30,32,34 tachycardia, 3,9,24,27,28,30,33 nausea and/or vomiting, 3,27,29,30,33 headaches, 3,30 fever, 9,24,25,[28][29][30][31][32][33] and myalgia or weakness. 9,25,26,28,29,31,32 Since there is no antitoxin for PTX all patients re...…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhalational exposure can result in dire appearing symptomatology (including an ICU stay in our patient), but with appropriate supportive care, nearly all patients make a full recovery. 3,9,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Cutaneous exposure is likely underreported and is the most likely coexisting exposure in ophthalmic patients, though symptoms are short lived and self-resolving. 13…”

Section: Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coral Keratitis: Case Report and Review of Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Management and Prognosis of Ocular Exposure to Palytoxin

Barrett¹,

Hastings²,

Ronquillo³

et al. 2021

OPTH

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“…The increment in toxic blooms of PLTX in Europe raised high concern and the urgent need to obtain toxicity data useful for the future regulation of this toxin in marine products captured in European coasts. Besides causing human intoxications, after consumption of marine crustaceans and fish [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], toxic effects of different severity have been attributed to PLTX after human inhalation of marine aerosols or skin contact during Ostreopsis blooms [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] and even after dermal or inhalatory exposition to zoanthid corals in aquariums [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin

Boente-Juncal

Raposo-García

Vale

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Palytoxin (PLTX) is one of the most poisonous substances known to date and considered as an emergent toxin in Europe. Palytoxin binds to the Na+-K+ ATPase, converting the enzyme in a permeant cation channel. This toxin is known for causing human fatal intoxications associated with the consumption of contaminated fish and crustaceans such as crabs, groupers, mackerel, and parrotfish. Human intoxications by PLTX after consumption of contaminated fishery products are a serious health issue and can be fatal. Different reports have previously explored the acute oral toxicity of PLTX in mice. Although the presence of palytoxin in marine products is currently not regulated in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority expressed its opinion on PLTX and demanded assessment for chronic toxicity studies of this potent marine toxin. In this study, the chronic toxicity of palytoxin was evaluated after oral administration to mice by gavage during a 28-day period. After chronic exposure of mice to the toxin, a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 0.44 µg/kg of PLTX and a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of 0.03 µg/kg for repeated daily oral administration of PLTX were determined. These results indicate a much higher chronic toxicity of PLTX and a lower NOAEL than that previously described in shorter treatment periods, pointing out the need to further reevaluate the levels of this compound in marine products.

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An aquarium hobbyist poisoning: Identification of new palytoxins in Palythoa cf. toxica and complete detoxification of the aquarium water by activated carbon

Cited by 18 publications

References 54 publications

A Novel Sensitive Cell-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for Palytoxin Quantitation in Mussels

A Novel Sensitive Cell-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for Palytoxin Quantitation in Mussels

Coral Keratitis: Case Report and Review of Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Management and Prognosis of Ocular Exposure to Palytoxin

In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin

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