AN Approach to the Simulation of Coupled Heat and Mass Flows in Buildings

Clarke, J.A.; Hensen, Jlm Jan

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.06-13.x

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The macroscopic theory for addressing the coupled thermal/airflow problem has been in place [200][201][202] and a program, ESPmfs, based in part on this theory have been available for over a decade [203][204][205][206][207][208]. Yet funding agencies have been reluctant to sponsor continued development of these coupled thermal/airflow analysis tools, presumably, because the need for them was not entirely apparent.…”

Section: Macroscopic Tools For System Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of natural ventilation for U.S. commerical buildings : climate suitability design strategies [and] methods modeling studies

Axley¹

2001

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Natural ventilation systems have long been employed in European residences to control indoor air quality. Increasingly, European building designers have turned to natural ventilation to control air quality and cool commercial and institutional buildings as well, hoping to take advantage of the potential of natural ventilation systems to conserve energy associated with mechanical cooling and fan operation. Encouraged by early successes of the past decade, European building designers have advanced natural ventilation technology, introduced promising hybrid ventilation technologies that combine mechanical and natural means, and developed analytical tools for the design of these systems. These systems may be adapted to the North American context, but much work will need to be done to realize the full potential natural ventilation may offer to North America. This report reviews the application of natural ventilation to commercial buildings, the potential advantages these systems offer, and some of the pitfalls that must be considered. An approach to the analysis of climate suitability is presented and applied to a number of North American climates, European physical design strategies and the analytical methods developed to support them are reviewed, and a detailed modeling study of a representative naturally ventilated building recently constructed in The Netherlands is presented. A multizone coupled thermal/airflow simulation tool CONTAM97R is used to investigate the performance of this building in two challenging North American climates. An approach to apply natural and hybrid ventilation strategies to the North American context is outlined that considers all relevant phases of design from predesign analysis through to design development of system component sizes and operational details. Two relatively new analytical tools are central to this proposed procedure-the loop design method used to size system components and coupled thermal/airflow analysis used to conduct detailed performance evaluation of system behavior. Finally, research and development recommendations are put forward.

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Section: Macroscopic Tools For System Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of natural ventilation for U.S. commerical buildings : climate suitability design strategies [and] methods modeling studies

Axley¹

2001

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“…Inter-nodal connections represent the distributed flow paths associated with cracks, doors, windows etc. Because of the pressure difference between the nodes and the conservation of mass, a set of non-linear equations can be solved for each time step to characterize the flow throughout the network (Clarke and Hensen 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ventilation behaviour on indoor heat load based on test reference years

et al. 2015

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Since 2003, most European countries established heat health warning systems to alert the population to heat load. Heat health warning systems are based on predicted meteorological conditions outdoors. But the majority of the European population spends a substantial amount of time indoors, and indoor thermal conditions can differ substantially from outdoor conditions. The German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) extended the existing heat health warning system (HHWS) with a thermal building simulation model to consider heat load indoors. In this study, the thermal building simulation model is used to simulate a standardized building representing a modern nursing home, because elderly and sick people are most sensitive to heat stress. Different types of natural ventilation were simulated. Based on current and future test reference years, changes in the future heat load indoors were analyzed. Results show differences between the various ventilation options and the possibility to minimize the thermal heat stress during summer by using an appropriate ventilation method. Nighttime ventilation for indoor thermal comfort is most important. A fully opened window at nighttime and the 2-h ventilation in the morning and evening are more sufficient to avoid heat stress than a tilted window at nighttime and the 1-h ventilation in the morning and the evening. Especially the ventilation in the morning seems to be effective to keep the heat load indoors low. Comparing the results for the current and the future test reference years, an increase of heat stress on all ventilation types can be recognized.

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“…Since its inception, the system has been the subject of a comprehensive development and validation process. This has included long-term involvement in the research portfolio of the European Community, which resulted in the selection of ESP-r as the European reference model for two major building and environmental research programs (10,11,26,51,56). The ESP-r system is comprised of the following elements: the "project manager," an interface that allows the user to define the problem being investigated, within the context of the computer language required for processing, and the displaying of results once the problem has been solved; the "simulator," a numerical solver which mathematically solves the problem under investigation; and a number of supporting programs and databases containing information required by the numerical solver (e.g., thermophysical properties of building materials, glazing systems, climate).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Toxigenic Fungal Growth in Buildings by Using a Novel Modelling System

Rowan

Johnstone

McLean

et al. 1999

Appl Environ Microbiol

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There is growing concern about the adverse effects of fungal bioaerosols on the occupants of damp dwellings. Based on an extensive analysis of previously published data and on experiments carried out within this study, critical limits for the growth of the indoor fungiEurotium herbariorum, Aspergillus versicolor, and Stachybotrys chartarum were mathematically described in terms of growth limit curves (isopleths) which define the minimum combination of temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) at which growth will occur. Each growth limit curve was generated from a series of data points on a T-RH plot and mathematically fitted by using a third-order polynomial equation of the form RH =a 3T3 +a 2T2 +a 1T + a 0. This fungal growth prediction model was incorporated within the ESP-r (Environmental Systems Performance [rstands for “research”]) computer-based program for transient simulation of the energy and environmental performance of buildings. For any specified location, the ESP-r system is able to predict the time series evolution of local surface temperature and relative humidity, taking explicit account of constructional moisture flow, moisture generation sources, and air movement. This allows the predicted local conditions to be superimposed directly onto fungal growth curves. The concentration of plotted points relative to the curves allows an assessment of the risk of fungal growth. The system’s predictive capability was tested via laboratory experiments and by comparison with monitored data from a fungus-contaminated house.

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AN Approach to the Simulation of Coupled Heat and Mass Flows in Buildings

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

Application of natural ventilation for U.S. commerical buildings : climate suitability design strategies [and] methods modeling studies

Application of natural ventilation for U.S. commerical buildings : climate suitability design strategies [and] methods modeling studies

Effects of ventilation behaviour on indoor heat load based on test reference years

Prediction of Toxigenic Fungal Growth in Buildings by Using a Novel Modelling System

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