An approach to process limitations in hydroforming of X-joints as based on formability evaluation

Internal state variable plasticity-damage modeling of the copper tee-shaped tube hydroforming process

“…Abrantes et al (2005) used FEM to establish a basic understanding of hydroforming of aluminum and copper tubes with the end goal of finding a process window. Kocanda and Sadlowska (2006) used FEM simulations and predicted strain localization and bursting via the forming limit curve. They found that the forming limit curve underestimates the hydroforming limit for X-joints.…”