An Appraisal of Methods Recently Recommended for Testing Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure

Kurtz, Theodore W.; DiCarlo, Stephen E.; Pravenec, Michal; Morris, R. Curtis

doi:10.1161/jaha.117.005653

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Strong points of our study are the randomized dietary salt loading protocol that adheres to recent recommendations (46) and the translational character. Our in vitro findings underline that the observed effects after dietary salt loading are (at least partly) due to salt itself and are not the results of accompanying HSD-induced effects on, for example, hemodynamics or volume status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt increases monocyte CCR2 expression and inflammatory responses in humans

Wenstedt¹,

Verberk²,

Kroon³

et al. 2019

JCI Insight

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt increases monocyte CCR2 expression and inflammatory responses in humans

Wenstedt¹,

Verberk²,

Kroon³

et al. 2019

JCI Insight

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“…ANP and BNP are released from the atrium in response to cardiac distension (37,53). WT mice fed solid diets containing 0.49% (normal) and 8% (high) NaCl show no detectable elevation in arterial blood pressure in most studies (27,37,74); only 25% of normotensive humans are salt sensitive by the American Heart Association (75).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying roles for peptidergic signaling in mice

Powers

Eipper

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating the essential roles played by neuropeptides, it has proven challenging to use this information to develop therapeutic strategies. Peptidergic signaling can involve juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuronal signaling, making it difficult to define physiologically important pathways. One of the final steps in the biosynthesis of many neuropeptides requires a single enzyme, peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), and lack of amidation renders most of these peptides biologically inert. PAM, an ancient integral membrane enzyme that traverses the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways, also affects cytoskeletal organization and gene expression. While mice, zebrafish, and flies lacking Pam (PamKO/KO) are not viable, we reasoned that cell type-specific elimination of Pam expression would generate mice that could be screened for physiologically important and tissue-specific deficits. Conditional PamcKO/cKO mice, with loxP sites flanking the 2 exons deleted in the global PamKO/KO mouse, were indistinguishable from wild-type mice. Eliminating Pam expression in excitatory forebrain neurons reduced anxiety-like behavior, increased locomotor responsiveness to cocaine, and improved thermoregulation in the cold. A number of amidated peptides play essential roles in each of these behaviors. Although atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is not amidated, Pam expression in the atrium exceeds levels in any other tissue. Eliminating Pam expression in cardiomyocytes increased anxiety-like behavior and improved thermoregulation. Atrial and serum levels of ANP fell sharply in PAM myosin heavy chain 6 conditional knockout mice, and RNA sequencing analysis identified changes in gene expression in pathways related to cardiac function. Use of this screening platform should facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches targeted to peptidergic pathways.

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“…Pulse pressure (PP) was calculated according to the formula: PP = SBP − DBP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as: MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP. Salt sensitivity was defined as an increase of ≥3 mmHg in MAP when transitioning from the low-to high-Na diet, as suggested by Kurtz et al (35) . The change in BP between the high-Na and low-Na diet (ΔBP) was calculated as: ΔBP = high-Na diet BP − low-Na diet BP.…”

Section: -H Automated Blood Pressure Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic predisposition to salt-sensitive normotension and its effects on salt taste perception and intake

Pilic

Mavrommatis

2018

Br J Nutr

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Salt sensitivity is an independent CVD and mortality risk factor, which is present in both hypertensive and normotensive populations. It is genetically determined and it may affect the relationship between salt taste perception and salt intake. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic predisposition to salt sensitivity in a young and a middle-aged adult population and its effects on salt taste perception and salt intake. The effects of Na loading on blood pressure (BP) were investigated in twenty normotensive subjects and salt sensitivity defined as the change in BP after 7 d of low-Na (51·3 mmol Na/d) and 7 d of high-Na diet (307·8 mmol Na/d). Salt taste perception was identified using the British Standards Institution sensory analysis method (BS ISO 3972:2011). Salt intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. DNA was genotyped for SNP in the SLC4A5, SCNN1B and TRPV1 genes. The subjects with AA genotype of the SLC4A5 rs7571842 exhibited the highest increase in BP (∆ systolic BP=7·75 mmHg, P=0·002, d=2·4; ∆ diastolic BP=6·25 mmHg, P=0·044, d=1·3; ∆ mean arterial pressure=6·5 mmHg, P=0·014, d=1·7). The SLC4A5 rs10177833 was associated with salt intake (P=0·037), and there was an association between salt taste perception and salt sensitivity (r s 0·551, P=0·041). In conclusion, there is a genetic predisposition to salt sensitivity and it is associated with salt taste perception. The association between salt taste perception and discretionary salt use suggests that preference for salty taste may be a driver of salt intake in a healthy population and warrants further investigation.

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An Appraisal of Methods Recently Recommended for Testing Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure

Cited by 46 publications

References 61 publications

Salt increases monocyte CCR2 expression and inflammatory responses in humans

Salt increases monocyte CCR2 expression and inflammatory responses in humans

Identifying roles for peptidergic signaling in mice

Genetic predisposition to salt-sensitive normotension and its effects on salt taste perception and intake

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