An application of optical waveguides to electrochemistry: construction of optical waveguide electrodes

Abstract

Photooxygenation quantum yields are dependent upon oxygen concentration light intensity and conversion, and these values (1 atm of 02,1°= 7.4 X 10s einstein s~•) are not optimized.

Characterization of Charge-Transfer Kinetics at Organic/Electrode Interfaces Using Potential-modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance (PM-ATR) Spectroscopy

“…Subsequent reports by our group [7][8][9] and others [10][11][12] described spectroelectrochemical ATR systems implemented in multi-mode and single-mode waveguide configurations, providing broadband spectral information, sensitivity to submonolayer electroactive films, and chemical selectivity. Potential-modulated attenuated total reflectance (PM-ATR) spectroscopy 13 is a unique form of waveguide-based spectroelectrochemistry that utilizes the electroreflectance (ER) spectroscopic approach developed largely by Niki, Sagara, and coworkers.…”

Waveguide surface plasmon resonance studies of surface reactions on gold electrodes

“…An increasing number of studies, starting with the work of Itoh and Fujishima, 17 have recognized the power of combining electrochemistry with planar waveguide structures, although to date the larger proportion of these have concentrated on the use of planar waveguides coated with a transparent electrode made from a conducting tin oxide film. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] In this configuration the planar waveguide behaves as an attenuated total reflection (ATR) structure in which the evanescent wave at the waveguide surface is used to measure the absorption of light by species present in solution within a couple of hundred nanometres of the electrode surface.…”

Applications of the Planar Fiber Optic Chip

“…Over the last decade the sensitivity of spectroelectrochemical measurements has been significantly enhanced by using monochromatic and broadband ATR platforms, (Doherty et al, 2002;Winograd & Kuwana, 1969) multi-mode waveguides, and single-mode waveguides. (Bradshaw et al, 2003;Dunphy et al, 1997;Dunphy et al, 1999;Itoh & Fujishima, 1988) A significant hindrance for these ATR and waveguide based spectroelectrochemical technologies has been interfacing the sensor platform with standard, commercially available spectroscopic instrumentation; thus, only one field portable instrument has been developed by Heinemann and coworkers to spectroelectrochemically detect ferrocyanide. (Monk et al, 2002;Stegemiller et al, 2003) The first application of the FOC as a fully integrated fiber coupled spectroelctrochemical platform, was termed the electroactive-fiber optic chip (EA-FOC).…”