An Anti-Tumor Vaccine Against Marek's Disease Virus Induces Differential Activation and Memory Response of γδ T Cells and CD8 T Cells in Chickens

Hao, Xiaoli; Li, Shuai; Li, Jiaqi; Yang, Yi; Qin, Aijian; Shang, Shaobin

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.645426

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Similar to our findings, Islam et al also reported slight depletion of T cells in HVT-vaccinated chickens than MDV received chickens [24]. In contrast, a reduction in CD4 + cells in the spleen and blood was described following vaccination with CVI988 compared with unvaccinated chickens at the early stage of immune responses [25].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus

Bavananthasivam

Alqazlan

Alizadeh

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Vaccines against Marek’s disease can protect chickens against clinical disease; however, infected chickens continue to propagate the Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in feather follicles and can shed the virus into the environment. Therefore, the present study investigated if MDV could induce an immunoregulatory microenvironment in feathers of chickens and whether vaccines can overcome the immune evasive mechanisms of MDV. The results showed an abundance of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+ transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)+ T regulatory cells in the feathers of MDV-infected chickens at 21 days post-infection. In contrast, vaccinated chickens had a lower number of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the expression of TGF-β and programmed cell death receptor (PD)-1 increased considerably in the feathers of Marek’s disease virus-infected chickens. The results of the present study raise the possibility of an immunoregulatory environment in the feather pulp of MDV-infected chickens, which may in turn favor replication of infectious MDV in this tissue. Exploring the evasive strategies employed by MDV will facilitate the development of control measures to prevent viral replication and transmission.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus

Bavananthasivam

Alqazlan

Alizadeh

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Employing this assay, they found that H7N9 AIV intranasal infection-induced distinct local γδ T and CD8 T cell responses in the lung and systemic NK and monocyte/macrophage responses in chickens ( Hao et al, 2020 ). Using same method, Hao et al (2021) performed a comprehensive analysis T cell responses to a MD vaccine CVI988/Rispens and revealed the dynamic changes and early activation state of chicken γδ T and CD8 T cells as well as a potential role of γδ T cells in vaccine-induced protection against MD. Recently, Maekawa et al (2021) also employed a six-color flow cytometric assay to compare the dynamic changes of CD107 + CTLs, NK cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the larynx-trachea of chickens immunized with different ILTV vaccines after challenge and found that the cellular immune responses elicited by different ILTV vaccines varied in the upper respiratory tract after challenge, and that activated CTLs rather than NK cells play a main role in vaccine protection.…”

Section: Flow Cytometric Analysis Of Different Cellular Subsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While intracellular staining of IFN-γ and IL-17A have been tested and validated ( Walliser and Gobel, 2017 , 2018 ; Lagler et al, 2019 ), to stain other cytokines intracellularly such as TNF-α and IL-2 has not been reported in chicken. It may be a good option to use quantitative RT-PCR in combination with cell sorting to quantify the expression of IFN-γ and other cytokines by specific subset of immune cells, as shown in a recent study ( Hao et al, 2021 ). Although the Th1-Th2 paradigm in chickens has been described previously ( Degen et al, 2005 ) and chicken αβ and γδ T cells were shown to produce IL-17A ( Walliser and Gobel, 2017 , 2018 ), whether other T helper subsets are present in chicken has yet to be discovered.…”

Section: Detection Of Cytokine Secretion By T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evaluation of Cellular Immunity to Avian Viral Diseases: Methods, Applications, and Challenges

et al. 2021

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Cellular immune responses play critical roles in the control of viral infection. However, the immune protection against avian viral diseases (AVDs), a major challenge to poultry industry, is yet mainly evaluated by measuring humoral immune response though antibody-independent immune protection was increasingly evident in the development of vaccines against some of these diseases. The evaluation of cellular immune response to avian viral infection has long been neglected due to limited reagents and methods. Recently, with the availability of more immunological reagents and validated approaches, the evaluation of cellular immunity has become feasible and necessary for AVD. Herein, we reviewed the methods used for evaluating T cell immunity in chickens following infection or vaccination, which are involved in the definition of different cellular subset, the analysis of T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion, and in vitro culture of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells. The pros and cons of each method were discussed, and potential future directions to enhance the studies of avian cellular immunity were suggested. The methodological improvement and standardization in analyzing cellular immune response in birds after viral infection or vaccination would facilitate the dissection of mechanism of immune protection and the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics against AVD.

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“…A recent study by Hao et al [37] shows that vaccination by CVI988 induces a significant expansion of γδ T cells and CD8α + T cells in spleen, lung, and blood tissues. The CD4 + T cell population, however, was not affected by the vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B cells do not play a role in vaccine-mediated immunity against Marek’s disease

et al. 2022

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Background Marek’s disease virus (MDV), a highly oncogenic α-herpesvirus, is the etiological agent of Marek’s disease (MD) in chickens. The antiviral activity of vaccine-induced immunity against MD reduces the level of early cytolytic infection, production of cell-free virions in the feather follicle epithelial cells (FFE), and lymphoma formation. Despite the success of several vaccines that have greatly reduced the economic losses from MD, the mechanism of vaccine-induced immunity is poorly understood. Methods To provide insight into possible role of B cells in vaccine-mediated protection, we bursectomized birds on day of hatch and vaccinated them eight days later. The birds were challenged 10 days post vaccination with or without receiving adoptive lymphocytes from age-matched control birds prior to inoculation. The study also included vaccinated/challenged and non-vaccinated challenged intact birds. Flowcytometric analysis of PBMN cells were conducted twice post bursectomy to confirm B cell depletion and assess the effect of surgery on T cell population. Immunohistochemical analysis and viral genome copy number assessment in the skin samples at termination was performed to measure the replication rate of MDV in the FFE of the skin tissues of the challenged birds. Results The non-vaccinated/challenged birds developed typical clinical signs of MD while the vaccinated/challenged and bursectomized, vaccinated/challenged groups with or without adoptive lymphocyte transfer, were fully protected with no sign of transient paralysis, weight loss, or T cell lymphomas. Immunohistochemical analysis and viral genome copy number evaluation in the skin samples revealed that unlike the vaccinated/challenged birds a significant number of virus particles were produced in the FFE of the non-vaccinated/challenged birds at termination. In the bursectomized, vaccinated/challenged groups, only a few replicating virions were detected in the skin of birds that received adoptive lymphocytes prior to challenge. Conclusions The study shows that B cells do not play a critical role in MD vaccine-mediated immunity.

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An Anti-Tumor Vaccine Against Marek's Disease Virus Induces Differential Activation and Memory Response of γδ T Cells and CD8 T Cells in Chickens

Cited by 21 publications

References 67 publications

The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus

The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus

The Evaluation of Cellular Immunity to Avian Viral Diseases: Methods, Applications, and Challenges

B cells do not play a role in vaccine-mediated immunity against Marek’s disease

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