An Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Black Rice Enhances Atherosclerotic Plaque Stabilization in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

Abstract

Black rice and its pigment fraction may have antiatherogenic activity, but the exact component contributing to the beneficial effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on the vulnerability of advanced plaques in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. Using LC-MS, the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice was identified as containing cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside. ApoE-deficient mice (n = 30; 30 wk old) were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (fed the AIN-93G diet), the simvastin group [simva; fed the AIN-93G diet containing simvastatin, 50 mg/(kg.d)], or the anthocyanin-rich extract group [antho; fed the AIN-93G diet supplemented with anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice, 300 mg/(kg.d)]. After 20 wk of intervention, the plaque area that developed in the brachiocephalic artery of mice in the antho group was smaller than that of the control mice. Both the antho and simva groups had lower frequencies of the large necrotic core and thin fibrous cap in plaques than the control group. Collagen I was increased and matrix metalloproteinase-1 contents were reduced in the brachiocephalic lesion of both the antho and simva groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, mRNA levels of tissue factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in aortae were decreased in the antho and simva groups. Supplementation of anthocyanin-rich extract improved the lipid profile by decreasing serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol. These results suggest that chronic diet intake of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice may enhance plaque stabilization in old apoE-deficient mice. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to inhibiting proinflammatory factors and improving the serum lipid profile.

Anthocyanin, nutrient contents, and antioxidant activity of black rice bran of Oryza sativa L. ‘Cempo Ireng’ from Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

“…The anthocyanin component in black rice is known to have health benefits such as antioxidant activity against ROS (Park et al 2008), reducing oxidative stress on mice (Xia et al 2006), anticancer activity (Hyun and Chung 2004) and anti-inflammatory activity (Tsuda et al 2003). Black rice has better physical properties than white rice.…”

“…The content of antho-cyanin in black rice has been reported by Ryu et al (1998) and Yoshimura et al (2012) and, based on these studies, the black rice is rich in anthocyanin in the aleuron layer. Xia et al (2006) reported that consumption of aleurone layer extracts can reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood of mice deficient in Apo-E. The type of anthocyanins in the aleurone layer are known as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and peonidin 3-O-glucoside.…”

Mutu Fisik, Mutu Giling dan Mutu Fungsional Beras Varietas Lokal Kalimantan Barat

“…Beras ini mengandung antosianin yang meliputi cyanidin 3-O-glukosida, peonidin 3-O-glukosida, malvidin 3-Oglukosida, pelagonidin 3-O-glukosida, dan delphinidin 3-O-glukosida (Choi et al 1994, Yoon et al 1995, Ryu et al 2003. Kandungan antosianin pada beras hitam, mencapai lebih dari 40% yang sebagian besar berupa senyawa cyanidin-3-glukosida dan peonidin-3-glukosida (Xia et al 2006). Park et al (2008) melaporkan kandungan antosianin pada beras tersebut adalah 95% cyanidin 3-O-glukosida dan 5% peonidin 3-O-glukosida.…”

“…Beras merah varietas Sanik ternyata tidak mengandung cyanidin 3-glucosidase pada BPK maupun BG (Tabel 4). Cyanidin 3-glucosidase mempunyai khasiat sebagai antioksidan (Takamura andYamagami 1994, Wang et al 1997), antikanker (Karainova et al 1990, Kamei et al 1995, dan mencegah penyakit jantung koroner dengan cara mencegah penyempitan pembuluh arteri atau antiatherogenik ( Ling et al 2001, Ling et al 2002, Stoclet et al 2004, Manach et al 2005, Xia et al 2006. Pada kelinci percobaan, penambahan beras hitam dalam pemberian diet dapat memperbaiki profil lemak darah dan meningkatkan aktivitas glutathione peroksidase (Ling et al 2001).…”

An Interaction Model Between Environmental Factors and Black Rice Growth in Irrigated Organic Paddy Field

“…Anthocyanin extracts from black rice significantly inhibit the growth of liver cancer cells (Chen et al, 2006) and effectively reduce cholesterol level on blood plasma, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides, increase HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and as an alternative therapy for cardiovascular diseases (Kim et al, 2006;Xia et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2007;Zawistowski et al, 2009;Salqado et al, 2010). Unfortunately organic black rice production doesn't even meet the demand of the local customers due to its low productivity.…”