An Anonymous IoT-Based E-Health Monitoring System Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract

The Internet of things (IoT) has made it possible for health institutions to have remote diagnosis, reliable, preventive and real-time decision making. However, the anonymity and privacy of patients are not considered in IoT. Therefore, this paper proposes a blockchain-based anonymous system, known as GarliMediChain, for providing anonymity and privacy during COVID-19 information sharing. In GarliMediChain, garlic routing and blockchain are integrated to provide low-latency communication, privacy, anonymity, trust and security. Also, COVID-19 information is encrypted multiple times before transmitting to a series of nodes in the network. To ensure that COVID-19 information is successfully shared, a blockchainbased coalition system is proposed. The coalition system enables health institutions to share information while maximizing their payoffs. In addition, each institution uses the proposed fictitious play to study the strategies of others in order to update its belief by selecting the best responses from them. Furthermore, simulation results show that the proposed system is resistant to security-related attacks and is robust, efficient, and adaptive. From the results, the proposed proof-of-epidemiology-of-interest (PoEoI) consensus protocol has 15.93% less computational cost than 26.30% of proof-of-work (PoW) and 57.77% proof-ofauthority (PoA) consensus protocol, respectively. Nonetheless, the proposed GarliMediChain system promotes global collaborations by combining existing anonymity and trust solutions with the support of blockchain technology.

Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Ensuring Security and Privacy Aspects in Internet of Things: A Systematic Literature Review

“…The primary information of the included papers [ 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ] is shown in Table 1 . Based on the data shown in Figure 4 , we can observe that 13.95% of the total papers were published in 2018 [ 93 , 103 , 111 , 116 , 120 , 124 ], while 30.23% were published in 2019 [ 90 , 92 , 94 ,…”

“…However, many approaches that include blockchain technology in their designs are achieving promising results. Overall, 37.21% of the proposed schemes originate from China [ 92 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 102 , 104 , 105 , 113 , 114 , 119 , 124 , 125 , 128 , 129 , 132 ], and 62.79% are distributed between 14 countries [ 90 , 91 , 93 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 131 ]. Most of the included papers are published in journals, which result in 79.07% [ 90 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 102 , 104 , …”

“…We included a detailed description of the publishers (name of journal or conference) to address the common databases used. Overall, 51.16% are published in the IEEE database [ 91 , 92 , 96 , 97 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 116 , 119 , 120 , 123 , 124 , 127 , 128 , 132 ], 20.93% are published in Elsevier [ 94 , 103 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 117 , 118 , 121 , 122 ], 13.95% are published in MDPI [ 98 , 99 , 109 , 115 , 130 , 131 ], 6.98% are published in Springer [ 93 , 95 , 125 ], and 6.98% are published in Wiley/Hindawi [ 90 , 126 , 129 ].…”

“…The objective and development level are presented in Table 2 . Based on the data shown in Figure 5 , our results show that 27.9% of the included studies focused on the healthcare domain [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ], while 18.6% focused on proposing generic approaches [ 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ]. From the total percentage of the included articles, 23.25% aimed to target smart environments applications divided into 9.3% for smart home applications [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ], 6.98% presented systems designed to target smart cities [ 116 , 117 , 118 ], and there were 2.32% of each of the following: smart factory [ 119 ], smart traveling [ 124 ], and smart agriculture [ 130 ].…”

Efficacy and pitfalls of digital technologies in healthcare services: A systematic review of two decades

“…Developments in digital technologies in healthcare provide an opportunity to provide uninterrupted healthcare services. The use of digital healthcare systems has benefited monitoring, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment (7,8). Kapoor et al ( 9) demonstrated many digital applications useful for digital health purposes during the pandemic.…”