An ancient process in a modern mollusc: early development of the shell in Lymnaea stagnalis

Hohagen, Jennifer

doi:10.1186/1471-213x-13-27

Cited by 60 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…It is commonly accepted that following the secretion of the extracellular lamella, the shell gland evaginates and the shell field spreads by flattening of the cells and by mitotic divisions, thus becoming the calcifying mantle (Kniprath 1981, Marin and Luquet 2004, Hohagen and Jackson 2013. This evagination is accompanied by the extension in size of the periostracum.…”

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This evagination is accompanied by the extension in size of the periostracum. Between the periostracum and the shell field, the first signs of calcification of the primary insoluble material can be observed and the mineralisation takes place (Cather 1967, Kniprath 1981, Bielefeld and Becker 1991, Hohagen and Jackson 2013 (Figure 1.2). It shows the major events during the early development of the shell gland and shell field in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.…”

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the striking diversity of shell forms in terms of mineralogical structures, colouration and ornamentations (Comfort 1951, Meinhardt et al 1995, Chateigner et al 2000, Furuhashi et al 2009, there are conserved cellular and morphogenetic movements that initiate larval shell secretion. Larval shell formation in conchiferans begins at the end of gastrulation, with the differentiation and local thickening of a group of ectodermal cells in the post-trochal dorsal region in gastropods, bivalves and scaphopods, and the corresponding ectoblast in cephalopods (Cather 1967, Kniprath 1981, Hohagen and Jackson 2013. The thickened cells elongate and then invaginate transitorily to form the shell gland (Cather 1967, Kniprath 1981, Wassing and Southgate 2012, Hohagen and Jackson 2013.…”

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By ~67 hpfc cells at the shell gland margin are highly elongated. For more details about the cellular movements and enzymatic activities in the shell gland and shell field see Hohagen and Jackson (2013). Diagram taken from Hohagen and Jackson (2013).…”

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larval shell formation in conchiferans begins at the end of gastrulation, with the differentiation and local thickening of a group of ectodermal cells in the post-trochal dorsal region in gastropods, bivalves and scaphopods, and the corresponding ectoblast in cephalopods (Cather 1967, Kniprath 1981, Hohagen and Jackson 2013. The thickened cells elongate and then invaginate transitorily to form the shell gland (Cather 1967, Kniprath 1981, Wassing and Southgate 2012, Hohagen and Jackson 2013. In shelled cephalopods, the yolk mass underlies the thickened cells, therefore cell populations overgrow to the central part of the embryonic shell field to form the internal shell sac (Kniprath 1981).…”

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

Aguilera¹

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Since the emergence of shell-bearing molluscs in the Early Cambrian, diverse shell forms have evolved. Modern molluscs are renowned for a highly complex and robust shell, which is the product of the orchestrated expression of genes and secretion of a large number of proteins and other macromolecules from the epithelium of a specialised organ called the mantle. Molluscan shells display remarkable morphological diversity, structure and ornamentation, however the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution and formation of the shell remain largely unknown. In this thesis, I seek to investigate the nature of the mantle transcriptome focussing on the timing of origin of genes expressed in the mantle and the evolutionary history of gene families that encode secreted proteins in representatives of bivalve and gastropod species.First, by comparative transcriptomics of the mantle, I determined the origin and evolution of gene families expressed in this organ. Gene origin analyses show that most genes expressed in the mantle are taxon-restricted innovations (i.e. unique to a particular species), although a large number of genes arose along the stems leading to the bilaterian and molluscan last common ancestors. Focussing on gene families that encode secreted proteins that are likely to be embedded within the shell and/or to regulate shell construction, I found that these are comprised of both ancient and lineage-specific gene families. The evolution of these gene families is highly dynamic with prolific gene family gains and losses over evolutionary time. By comparing sequences, I also detected indications of positively selected gene families over molluscan evolution. These gene families show unique patterns of enrichment of protein domains, and presumably molecular functions, that are taxa-specific, suggesting that bivalves and gastropods use almost completely different secretory repertoire to construct their shells.I then focused on an ancient gene family expressed in the molluscan mantles -the tyrosinase gene family -to understand how a conserved gene family has been co-opted into the biomineralisation pathway. I found no evidence of large-scale expansion of tyrosinase genes in gastropods, whereas tyrosinase genes in bivalves have undergone substantial independent gene expansions in at least two lineages (Pinctada spp. and Crassostrea gigas), and that the resulting gene duplicates have been co-opted into the mantle gene regulatory network. Many of the tyrosinase genes are found in clusters within the genomes and are expressed at relatively high levels in the mantle. Detailed 3 comparisons of tyrosinase gene expression in different regions of the mantle in two closely related pearl oysters, P. maxima and P. margaritifera, reveal that recently evolved orthologous genes have unique expression profiles across the mantle with high expression levels at the distal mantle edge, suggesting roles in colouration and/or prismatic shell layer construction. Differences in expression levels are consistent with the rapid evo...

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Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commonalities Of Shell Formation In Conchiferansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

Aguilera¹

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Contact toxicity and biochemical impact of metaldehyde against the white garden snail Theba pisana (Müller, 1774)

Abobakr

Gad

Abou-Elnasr

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Terrestrial snails are one of the most damaging threats to sustainable agriculture. Chemical control using molluscicides is the main approach used to combat these agricultural pests. Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in most snail control products in use. However, its toxicity indices and mode of action have scarcely been investigated. For the first time, we characterized the metaldehyde contact toxicity indices against the white garden snail Theba pisana. The biochemical impact of metaldehyde on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was investigated.

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The evolution of mollusc shells

McDougall

Degnan

2018

WIREs Developmental Biology

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Molluscan shells are externally fabricated by specialized epithelial cells on the dorsal mantle. Although a conserved set of regulatory genes appears to underlie specification of mantle progenitor cells, the genes that contribute to the formation of the mature shell are incredibly diverse. Recent comparative analyses of mantle transcriptomes and shell proteomes of gastropods and bivalves are consistent with shell diversity being underpinned by a rapidly evolving mantle secretome (suite of genes expressed in the mantle that encode secreted proteins) that is the product of (a) high rates of gene co-option into and loss from the mantle gene regulatory network, and (b) the rapid evolution of coding sequences, particular those encoding repetitive low complexity domains. Outside a few conserved genes, such as carbonic anhydrase, a so-called "biomineralization toolkit" has yet to be discovered. Despite this, a common suite of protein domains, which are often associated with the extracellular matrix and immunity, appear to have been independently and often uniquely co-opted into the mantle secretomes of different species. The evolvability of the mantle secretome provides a molecular explanation for the evolution and diversity of molluscan shells. These genomic processes are likely to underlie the evolution of other animal biominerals, including coral and echinoderm skeletons. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties.

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An ancient process in a modern mollusc: early development of the shell in Lymnaea stagnalis

Cited by 60 publications

References 42 publications

Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

Contact toxicity and biochemical impact of metaldehyde against the white garden snail Theba pisana (Müller, 1774)

The evolution of mollusc shells

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