An Ancient Cleanser: Soap Production and Use in Antiquity

Konkol, Kristine L.; Rasmussen, Seth C.

doi:10.1021/bk-2015-1211.ch009

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Date seeds contain 6-8% essential oil suitable for usage in the production of moisturizing soaps/creams, shampoos, and other skincare products [81,82]. Moreover, date seed oil has been used in the production of medicine, food, and even cosmetics [74,83].…”

Section: Value-added Products From Date Fruits and Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Date Fruit and Seed in Nutricosmetics

2021

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Many recent studies in the field of cosmetics have focused on organically sourced substances. Products made from organic materials are safe, high quality, cruelty-free, and more effective than those made from synthetic materials. Many organic compounds are known to be physiologically active in humans and have an extended storage capacity and long-lasting environmental effects. Agro-industrial waste has recently increased substantially, and the disposal of date palm waste, often performed in primitive ways such as burning, is harmful to the environment. Fruit processing industries generate over 10% of the total date seed waste daily, which could be converted into useful food products. Date fruit and seed are rich in sugar, vitamins, fiber, minerals, and phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that significantly promote human and animal health. This waste is rich in bioactive compounds and essential oils used in many kinds of food, medicine, and cosmetics. Most active cosmetic ingredients come from natural sources such as fruit, fish, and dairy, and recent research shows that date extract and seed oil help to reduce melanin, eczema, acne, and dry patches, while increasing skin moisture and elasticity. This review details the bioactive compounds and nutraceutical properties of date fruit and seed, and their use as cosmetic ingredients.

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Section: Value-added Products From Date Fruits and Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Date Fruit and Seed in Nutricosmetics

2021

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“…That mixture splits into alkali salt of fatty acids, which is the soap, and glycerol. The salts can be of lye (NaOH), soda (Na2CO3) or any other, gained from minerals or plant ashes (Konkol and Rasmussen, 2015). Al-Rāzī describes the process of saponification of olive oil, which he entitles "the creation of salts with oil."…”

Section: Ovens and Kilns: The Textual Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Ṭabūn, Tannūr or Mustawqad? Fire Devices and Their Use in the Early Islamic Period

Nol

2021

J. Mater. Cult. Muslim World

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Ovens, hearths and furnaces were used by early Islamic societies for baking, cooking, and the production of various artefacts. The archaeological evidence from one research area in central Israel, from the seventh–eleventh centuries, accordingly presents a variety of fire installations. This paper offers an interpretation of their function through the analyses of terminology in contemporary texts, ethno-archaeological data, and spatial relations in the archaeological record. The paper suggests that domestic baking and cooking left almost no remains in the archaeological context. Instead, fire installations in the research area were almost exclusively related to crafts.

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“…The condition can be experimentally maintained. The condition of excessive concentration of NaOH is a step in the historical production of natural soaps, such as in Figure 1, 1 and the constant Na + concentration can significantly simplify the governing equations. In both cases, eq 3 can be further simplified and used to calculate the adsorption.…”

Section: Theoretical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adsorption of anionic surfactants at the air/water interface has been a key phenomenon for the soap and detergent industry. In the history of chemistry, the anionic surfactant is probably the first synthesized chemical on records, 1 with natural soap having been produced since ancient times in Mesopotamia. An example of the recorded recipe 2 is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophilicity of Nonanoic Acid and Its Conjugate Base at the Air/Water Interface

2017

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A general adsorption model based on partial dissociation was developed for carboxylic acids. The model was applied to the adsorption of nonanoic acid at the air/water interface. Two cases were selected for experimental verification: acid-only and acid with a constant Na + OH – concentration. The model was applied simultaneously at both conditions, and the hydrophilicity of the ionic states was quantified by the adsorption constants, K A and K AH . It was found that the adsorption constant for the acidic group is significantly higher than that for the carboxylate group, K AH /K A ∼ 272. The model lays important groundwork for modeling and predicting carboxylic/carboxylate adsorption.

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An Ancient Cleanser: Soap Production and Use in Antiquity

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Date Fruit and Seed in Nutricosmetics

Date Fruit and Seed in Nutricosmetics

Ṭabūn, Tannūr or Mustawqad? Fire Devices and Their Use in the Early Islamic Period

Hydrophilicity of Nonanoic Acid and Its Conjugate Base at the Air/Water Interface

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