An ancient and a recent colonization of islands by an Australian sap‐feeding insect

Abstract

Aim To assess the genetic structure, biogeography, and the potential for speciation, of a highly host‐specific insect pest with mainland and island populations. Location East coast of Australia, Lord Howe Island (LHI), and New Zealand. Methods We focussed on Mycopsylla fici, a plant sap‐feeding insect host‐specific to the fig tree Ficus macrophylla. We genotyped 152 insects from across the natural and extended host plant range at 14 microsatellite loci and analysed the data using standard population genetics statistics, Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components, genetic autocorrelation, and two Bayesian clustering approaches. Results Genetic analyses revealed that the northeastern Australian mainland population (Brisbane) is the centre of genetic diversity. Northeastern and southeastern (Sydney) mainland populations are genetically differentiated and interconnected in a stepping‐stone pattern. The LHI population is the most distinct genetically and Bayesian estimates indicated that the most recent colonization occurred c. 2,000‐17,500 years ago from a northeastern mainland origin. In contrast, the New Zealand population is little differentiated from the Sydney population and probably diverged by colonization within the past 200 years. Main conclusions The strong differentiation in nuclear microsatellites mirrors previous evidence for divergence of the LHI population from both mtDNA and endosymbiont DNA. The LHI population may be undergoing speciation from the mainland populations, with an oceanic barrier to gene flow. In contrast, the geographically isolated population in Auckland represents a far more recent colonization reflecting the contemporary naturalization of the plant host in New Zealand.

Transcontinental dispersal of Anopheles gambiae occurred from West African origin via serial founder events

“…The most obvious and universal barrier to migration is realized in islands, hence the term “island biogeography” 8 . Isolation of island populations depends on the dispersal ability of the species, the remoteness of the island, and various external factors like sea currents 9 , wind directions 10 , and anthropogenic activity 11 . Knowledge about the connectivity between island and mainland populations can help to facilitate an understanding of how newly introduced genetic variants can spread throughout the distribution area of a species.…”