An anatomic description of intrinsic brachial muscles in the crab‐eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>, Linnaeus 1776) and report of a variant arterial distribution

Velez, Juan Cristóbal Calle; Ramírez, Juan Carlos Segoviano; Aristizabal, O.L.P.

doi:10.1111/ahe.12330

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, the common rete mirabile in the deep brachial and ulnar collateral arteries has not been reported. This differs from the findings in other mammals, where both arteries originate independently from the brachial artery, distal to the superficial brachial artery, and these do not form a structure similar to rete mirabile (Bezuidenhout, 2013; Dyce et al, 2012; Standring, 2016; Vélez, Ramírez, & Aristizábal, 2018). The proximal origin of the superficial brachial artery in Tamandua could be attributed to the fact that the origin of the craniolateral forearm muscles is more proximal to that in other mammals.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Evolutionary adaptations in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae)

García

Arbeláez-Quiñones

Montealegre-Hurtado

2020

The Anatomical Record

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The northern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) is a neotropical mammal of the order Pilosa, suborder Vermilingua, and family Myrmecophagidae. This species has anatomical and functional adaptations in its forelimb for semiarboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Several studies have reported that the medial head of the triceps brachii and flexor digitorum profundus muscles are fused in species belonging to the family Myrmecophagidae. However, there is no reference to the innervation in these. The triceps brachii muscle is commonly innervated by the radial nerve and the flexor digitorum profundus muscle by the ulnar and median nerves. This study aims to describe the gross anatomy of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana with respect to the shape, origin, insertion, innervation, and arterial supply. Both forelimbs of nine specimens were used, which were dissected from superficial to deep layers. The formalin‐fixed caudomedial forearm muscles were weighed, and the weight percentages of individual forearm muscle specimens were calculated. The flexor digitorum profundus had the highest weight among the forearm muscles and consisted of five heads (three humerals, one radial, and one ulnar). These heads were innervated by median and ulnar nerves; therefore, based on the innervation pattern, we concluded that the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle is not fused with the flexor digitorum profundus. Therefore, the flexor digitorum profundus muscle is highly developed in Tamandua and occupies the caudal part of the arm and forearm, which is an evolutionary adaptation that could have occurred during evolution from the common ancestor of Tamandua and Myrmecophaga.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Evolutionary adaptations in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae)

García

Arbeláez-Quiñones

Montealegre-Hurtado

2020

The Anatomical Record

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“…The extensor elbow muscles are supplied by the caudal circum ex, deep brachial, radial, and ulnar collateral arteries in P. cancrivorus, similar to that described in P. avus ), A. melanoleuca (Davis 1964), C. thous (Vélez et al 2018) and C. lupus familiaris (Hermanson et al 2020). In PcS6, the deep brachial artery originated from the thoracodorsal artery differing from other specimens., Similarly in A. melanoleuca, that branch was described as a descending branch of the thoracodorsal artery that anastomoses with the deep brachial artery (Davis 1964).…”

Section: Comparative Functional and Evolutionary Analysis Of The Intr...mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Previously, the presence of several bicipital arteries had been associated with a higher activity of the m. biceps brachii in P. avus ). However, after reviewing the arterial supply to the m. biceps brachii in P. cancrivorus, the presence of several bicipital arteries could be a characteristic within procyonids, which differs from canids (Vélez et al 2018;Hermanson et al 2020) and Felis catus (ICVGAN 2017), which only have one bicipital artery.…”

Section: Comparative Functional and Evolutionary Analysis Of The Intr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies in caniforms have determined that canids only conserve the cranial part of the m. tensor fasciae antebrachii while arctoids the caudal part (Feeney 1999; Vélez-García et al 2023). In contrast, based on the origin of the m. tensor fasciae antebrachii only from the m. latissimus dorsi in canids (Feeney 1999;Pereira et al 2016;Souza-Junior et al 2018;Vélez et al 2018;Böhmer et al 2020;Smith et al 2020), actually the part more conserved in caniforms is the caudal part while the presentation of the cranial part is variable in arctoids. What happens is that the m. tensor fasciae antebrachii is so developed in arctoids that it extends caudally to the caput longum of the triceps brachii, and is observed in the lateral views of the gures of several studies (Hall 1926 Arango et al 2024).…”

Section: Comparative Functional and Evolutionary Analysis Of The Intr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary derivation inferences of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus, Caniformia, Carnivora) based on the topology, innervation, and anatomical variants

García,

Blanco,

Gómez

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a carnivoran of the family Procyonidae geographically distributed in Center and South America. It is a scansorial species with more terrestrial than arboreal abilities. Previous studies have described the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in this species; however, all have different descriptions. Besides, these studies did not take into account the innervation to infer the evolutionary derivation of the muscles, and neither did the arterial supply. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the anatomical arrangement of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in six Procyon cancrivorus specimens fixed with 10% formaldehyde. The shape, origin, insertion, arterial supply, and variations were described. Furthermore, the innervation previously reported was reviewed again in detail to infer the evolutionary derivation of these muscles. Differences were found with that reported formerly in the same species and other procyonids. Some intraspecific anatomical variants were discovered, such as an accessory head in the biceps brachii muscle bilaterally; a biceps brachii muscle joined to the brachialis muscle unilaterally; and a fusion of the lateral and accessory heads of the triceps brachii muscle bilaterally. Tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle is divided into two parts in most cases, and both are innervated by the radial nerve. The anconeus medialis muscle is independent to the triceps brachii muscle and is innervated by the ulnar nerve. In conclusion, based on the topology, anatomical variations, and innervation of these muscles in P. cancrivorus, they potentially conserve the evolutionary derivation of the last common ancestor of mammals.

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Descriptive study of the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder and brachium in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and an evolutionary analysis within the suborder Caniformia

Vélez-García,

Carrión Blanco,

Moreno Gómez

et al. 2023

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The kinkajou (Potos flavus) is a carnivoran of the suborder Caniformia and the family Procyonidae, inhabiting regions throughout Central and South America. Potos flavus has arboreal preferences and exhibits unique anatomical adaptations that facilitate movement within trees. Its pelvic limbs enable hindfoot reversal, while its thoracic limbs possess remarkable prehensile capabilities. Previous anatomical studies in Potos flavus have presented discrepancies in the description of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive anatomical description of these muscles in five specimens. The findings are compared with descriptions reported for other caniforms. The application of the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm aids in identifying relationships among caniforms based on the presence or absence of specific muscles. Our analysis reveals several key differences, including the presence of a biceps brachii with two capita (longum and breve), two coracobrachiales muscles (longus and brevis), a tensor fasciae antebrachii with two distinct parts (cranialis and caudalis), and an anconeus medialis. The caput breve of the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis longus muscles are absent in some individuals, with prevalence rates of 10% and 20%, respectively. One specimen exhibited an accessory caput laterale of the m. triceps brachii bilaterally. The comparative analysis suggests that the shoulder and brachial muscles of Potos flavus share more similarities with those of Ailurus fulgens and ursids of the genera Ursus and Tremarctos. These findings suggest the retention of muscles that may have been present in the common ancestor of the infraorder Arctoidea.

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An anatomic description of intrinsic brachial muscles in the crab‐eating fox (Cerdocyon thous, Linnaeus 1776) and report of a variant arterial distribution

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Evolutionary adaptations in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae)

Evolutionary adaptations in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae)

Evolutionary derivation inferences of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus, Caniformia, Carnivora) based on the topology, innervation, and anatomical variants

Descriptive study of the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder and brachium in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and an evolutionary analysis within the suborder Caniformia

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