“…The analysis of inverse problem requires the solution of its corresponding direct problem, which is concerned with the determination of the effect (temperature) from known cause (boundary condition and source term). Although some analytical methods are available for solving the heat conduction equation to establish the relationship between internal temperature and boundary heat flux [15,16,24,48], the analytical solution can hardly be obtained when there exists a nonlinear heat source (temperature-dependent). Fortunately, a number of numerical methods have been employed to deal with such kind of problems [29,31,38,46].…”