“…Thermal method has been widely adopted in practical engineering application (Sheikholeslami et al 2017a(Sheikholeslami et al , b, c, d, e, f, g, h, 2018a. At present, the development of unconventional resources has become a hotspot (Yin et al 2017(Yin et al , 2018Zhang et al 2017aZhang et al , b, 2018aFeng et al 2018a, b, c;Hu et al 2018a, b, c;Shi et al 2014Shi et al , 2015aShi et al , b, 2018. For the heavy oil industry, thermal fluid injection has been widely adopted (Sun et al 2017a, b, c;Gao 2018;Huang et al 2018a, b;Calder et al 2018).…”