“…Two main approaches also addressed the interactions between route guidance and signal control: the iterative procedure deals with the signal control and assignment iteratively [3,7,8], and the global optimisation approach aims at the global optimisation solution of the signal control and assignment problem [9][10][11]. However, many researchers proposed solutions that are still computationally expensive due to the large amount of variables describing the traffic dynamics and user route choices, even for a medium-sized traffic network [12,13]. Given the increasing network scale, it remains impossible to implement the proposed optimisation approaches for practical applications in the near future.…”